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Clin Med 2 > Cardio 3 > Flashcards

Cardio 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrocardiogram: P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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2
Q

Electrocardiogram: PR interval

A

Onset of atrial activation to ventricular activation

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3
Q

Electrocardiogram: QRS

A
  • Ventricular depolarization

- Atrial repolarization

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4
Q

Electrocardiogram: ST interval

A

Ventricular depolarization

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5
Q

Electrocardiogram: QT interval

A

Time between ventricles contracting and refilling

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6
Q

Electrocardiogram: T

A

Ventricular repolarization

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7
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

amt of blood flowing through the systemic or pulmonary circuit per minute

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8
Q

Normal cardiac output at rest

A

5 L/min

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9
Q

Ejection fraction =

A
  • Amt of blood ejected in a beat

- can be estimated with echocardiography

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10
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected during systole

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11
Q

EF = (equation)

A

Stroke volume / end-diastolic volume

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12
Q

Normal EF =

A

50-75%

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13
Q

Decreased EF is a sign of

A

Ventricular failure

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14
Q

Decreased EF: below normal

A

36-49%

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15
Q

Decreased EF: severe ventricular failure

A

Under 35%

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16
Q

What will you see with pts with severe ventricular failure (low EF)

A
  • fatigue with ADLs

- going into CHF

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17
Q

Preload =

A

Volume and pressure in ventricle at end of diastole

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18
Q

What is preload called?

A

Left ventricular end-diastolic volume

19
Q

Laplace law

A
  • length/tension relationship

- preload affects size of ventricle and ability to produce a forceful contraction

20
Q

Frank Starling law of the heart

A
  • myocardial stretch determines the force of myocardial contraction
  • greater stress = stronger contraction
21
Q

Afterload =

A

Resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle

22
Q

What is afterload determined by?

A

System vascular resistance in

  • aorta
  • arteries
  • arterioles
23
Q

Changes in preload, afterload, and contractility all interact to determine

A
  • stroke volume

- cardiac output

24
Q

CVD: How many Americans?

A

1 in 3

25
Q

CVD: Half of all deaths from heart disease are

A
  • sudden

- unexpected

26
Q

CVD: Risk factors

A
  • advancing age
  • HTN
  • obesity/sedentary lifestyle
  • excessive ETOH consumption
  • oral BC use over 35, with smoking
  • abn cholesterol levels
  • race
27
Q

CVD: s/s

A
  • chest, neck, arm pain/discomfort
  • palpitations
  • dyspnesa
  • syncope (Fainting)
  • cough
  • diaphoresis
  • cyanosis
  • edema and leg pain (claudication) point to vascular complications
28
Q

CVD: chest pain

Referral

A

May radiate to

  • neck
  • jaw
  • upper tarp
  • upper back
  • shoulder
  • UE (L most common)
29
Q

CVD: chest pain

Pathologies include

A

Both acute and non-acute cardiac conditions

30
Q

CVD: chest pain

Often associated with (s/s)

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diaphoresis
  • dyspnea
  • syncope
31
Q

CVD: palpitations

A

Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia, dysrhytmia)

32
Q

CVD: palpitations

Irregular heartbeat causes

A
  • benign (caffeine, anxiety)
  • serious but non-emergent (mitral valve prolapse)
  • serious and urgent or emergent (aneurysm, heart block)
33
Q

CVD: palpitations

Sensation

A

“Fluttering”

34
Q

CVD: palpitations

When might these be within normal heart fxn?

A
  • under 6 per minute OR

- lasting less than 2 mins

35
Q

CVD: palpitations

More serious complications

A
  • pain
  • dyspnea
  • fainting
  • lightheadedness
36
Q

CVD: palpitations

What may these be symptomatic of in addition to cardiac?

A
  • thyroid dysfunction

- medication issue

37
Q

CVD: dyspnea

This may indicate extent of CVD

A

Severity of dyspnea

38
Q

DOE =

A

Dyspnea on exertion

39
Q

What may DOE indicate?

A
  • LV dysfunction

- pulmonary congestion

40
Q

PND =

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

41
Q

CVD: dyspnea

Where is PND often seen? What happens?

A
  • frequently seen in CHF

- person awakes because of fluid overload in recumbant position

42
Q

Orthopnea =

A
  • breathlessness in recumbent position
  • relieved by sitting upright
  • # of pillows needed to relieve condition is a measure of severity of fluid overload
43
Q

CVD: dyspnea

What would necessitate referral to PCP?

A

Inability to climb a flight of stairs without mod-severe SOB

Clin Med 2 (78 decks)

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