Intellectual-Mental Retardation
Symptoms
Population
-
Symptoms
- Significant sub-average on general intellectual functioning
- Concurrent deficits in adaptive behavior
- Onset <18 YO
- 3% of school-age children
- Boys > girls
- Significant sub-average on general intellectual functioning
- Concurrent deficits in adaptive behavior
Intellectual-Mental Retardation
Causes
Treatment
-
Causes
- Lack of stimulation
- Inadequate nutrition
- Exposure to toxins (lead)
- Chromosomal or metabolic abnormality (25%)
- Down Syndrome, Fragile X
- Phenylketonuria
- Pregnancy trauma
- Drugs, radiation, toxemia, alcohol
- Infection (German measles)
- Infections (encephalitis)
-
Treatment
- Parental support/guidance
- Special programs
- Lack of stimulation
- Inadequate nutrition
- Exposure to toxins (lead)
- Chromosomal or metabolic abnormality (25%)
- Down Syndrome, Fragile X
- Phenylketonuria
- Pregnancy trauma
- Drugs, radiation, toxemia, alcohol
- Infection (German measles)
- Infections (encephalitis)
- Parental support/guidance
- Special programs
Developmental: Pervasive Development Disorders
Symptoms
Types (2)
- Distortions in timing, rate, sequence of many basic psychological functions involved in the development of social skills & language
- Types
- Autism
- Asperger's Disorder
- Autism
- Asperger's Disorder
Autism
Characteristics
Causes
-
Characteristics
- Impaired non-verbal behaviors (eye contact, gestures)
- Failure to develop age appropriate peer relations
- Lack of social reciprocity
- Delay or lack of spoken language
- Lack of make-believe play
- Restricted stereotyped patterns of behavior
-
Causes: genetics, infections
- Impaired non-verbal behaviors (eye contact, gestures)
- Failure to develop age appropriate peer relations
- Lack of social reciprocity
- Delay or lack of spoken language
- Lack of make-believe play
- Restricted stereotyped patterns of behavior
Asperger's Disorder
Characteristics
Treatment
-
Characteristics
- Impaired social interaction
- Restricted, stereotyped patterns of behavior
-
Treatment
- Parental support
- Special programs
- Impaired social interaction
- Restricted, stereotyped patterns of behavior
- Parental support
- Special programs
Specific Developmental Disorders (Learning Disorders)
Symptoms
Population
Treatment
- Symptoms
-
Delay in rate of learning a specific function so that children behave as though they are passing through an earlier normal developmental stage substantially below expected for chronologic age
- May be one or more in areas of arithmetic, expressive writing, reading, articulation, expressive language, receptive language, coordination
- 10% of children
- Boys > girls
- Treatment: remedial work
- Delay in rate of learning a specific function so that children behave as though they are passing through an earlier normal developmental stage substantially below expected for chronologic age
- May be one or more in areas of arithmetic, expressive writing, reading, articulation, expressive language, receptive language, coordination
Unclassified Speech Disfluencies
Symptoms
Cause
Treatment
- Symptoms
- Stuttering (sound & syllable repetition)
- 3-4 YO
- Cause: developmental
- Treatment
- Ignore
- 1% persists & require speech therapy
- Stuttering (sound & syllable repetition)
- 3-4 YO
- Ignore
- 1% persists & require speech therapy
Behavioral: Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Symptoms
Pattern of negativistic, hostile & defiant behavior
(at least 6 mo)
- + Signs
- Often loses temper
- Often argues w/ adults
- Defied or refuses to comply
- Deliberately annoys
- Blames others
- Resentful, spiteful & vindictive
Behavioral: Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Population
Cause
Treatment
- Children & adolescents
- Boys > girls
- Cause
- Environmental (parents over-assert control)
- Treatment
- Parent training program
- Psychotherapy
- Social skills training
- Cognitive behavior therapy
- Environmental (parents over-assert control)
- Parent training program
- Psychotherapy
- Social skills training
- Cognitive behavior therapy
What are the symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder?
- Fidgety or restless
- Unable to sit for a long time
- Always on the go
- Easily distracted
- Can’t concentrate well on work
- Impulsively acting before thinking
- Forgetting what was said or not listening
- Difficulty finishing work on time
- Often losing personal things
- Difficulty waiting in lines or jumping ahead of others
Attention Deficit Disorder
Population
Causes
- 5% of children
- Many times children w/ ADD have other learning problems
- Often starts in kindergarten or 1st grade & continues for years
- Causes
- Children are born w/ ADD & can’t control symptoms easily
- Often runs in families (hereditary)
- Not caused by allergies or too much sugar
- Children are born w/ ADD & can’t control symptoms easily
- Often runs in families (hereditary)
- Not caused by allergies or too much sugar
How is Attention Deficit Disorder treated?
What happens if ADD is untreated?
-
Medications
- Ritalin (methylphenidate), Metadate, Concerta, Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), Adderall, Cylert (pernoline), Pamelor (nortriptyline), Norpramin (desipramine), Catapres (clonidine), Strattera
-
Psychotherapies
- Behavioral therapy
- Parent management training
- Family therapy
-
Educational
- Special education classes
-
Untreated
- Can lead to difficulty w/ learning, classroom behavior, making friends, following rules at home
- Many children don’t outgrow ADD when they get older & benefit from long-term medication
- Ritalin (methylphenidate), Metadate, Concerta, Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), Adderall, Cylert (pernoline), Pamelor (nortriptyline), Norpramin (desipramine), Catapres (clonidine), Strattera
- Behavioral therapy
- Parent management training
- Family therapy
- Special education classes
- Can lead to difficulty w/ learning, classroom behavior, making friends, following rules at home
- Many children don’t outgrow ADD when they get older & benefit from long-term medication
What are the symptoms of Conduct Disorder?
- Frequent lying, stealing, truancy
- Running away from home
- Frequent fighting/bullying
- Property destruction
- Fire-setting
- Being mean to animals or people
- Breaking & entering into someone’s house or car
What is the population of Conduct Disorder?
- Older children & teenagers
- Boys > girls
- Most children w/ CD have other problems
- ADD
- Depression
- Alcohol abuse
- Family problems
- ADD
- Depression
- Alcohol abuse
- Family problems
What are the causes of Conduct Disorder?
What are teenagers at risk of?
- Causes
- Exact cause unknown
-
Many factors may contribute to behavioral problems
- Drugs
- Family problems
- Low self-esteem
- Physical abuse
- Impulsivity
-
Teenagers at risk…..
- Dropping out of school
- Being seriously injured in flights
- Getting hooked on street drugs
- Trouble w/ the police
- Exact cause unknown
-
Many factors may contribute to behavioral problems
- Drugs
- Family problems
- Low self-esteem
- Physical abuse
- Impulsivity
- Dropping out of school
- Being seriously injured in flights
- Getting hooked on street drugs
- Trouble w/ the police
What is the treatment for Conduct Disorder?
What happens if untreated?
Without treatment, many children/teenagers continue to have similar problems as adults (may become imprisoned)
-
Medication
- Meds for depression
- Lithium for aggressive & impulsive behavior
-
Psychotherapy
- Behavioral therapy
- Group therapy
- Family therapy
-
Special programs
- Probation programs
- Residential programs
What are the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
- constant worrying
- unable to relax
- aches & pains (headaches, stomachaches)
- self-consciousness
- nightmares about the same things that cause worry
What are the symptoms of Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?
- unable to leave parents b/c of worries that something bad may happen to them
- fear of going to sleep
- reluctant to go to school
- fear of being kidnapped
GAD & SAD
Population
Causes
- Children & teenagers
-
SAD = younger children (7-10 YO)
-
GAD = teenagers (12-15 YO)
- Causes
- Exact cause unknown
- Tendency to develop severe anxiety runs in some families (hereditary)
- Stress can play a role (death, parent’s illness, another medical problem, learning problems)
- SAD = younger children (7-10 YO)
- GAD = teenagers (12-15 YO)
- Exact cause unknown
- Tendency to develop severe anxiety runs in some families (hereditary)
- Stress can play a role (death, parent’s illness, another medical problem, learning problems)
How are GAD & SAD treated?
-
Medications
- Tofranil (imipramine)
- Xanax (alpraxolam)
- BuSpar (Buspirone)
- Paxil (paroxetine)
- Zoloft (sertraline)
-
Psychotherapy
- Behavioral therapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Family therapy
- Tofranil (imipramine)
- Xanax (alpraxolam)
- BuSpar (Buspirone)
- Paxil (paroxetine)
- Zoloft (sertraline)
- Behavioral therapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Family therapy
What are the symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
-
Obsessions – thoughts or images (memories/pictures) that keep coming into one’s mind even though the person wants the thoughts to stop
-
Compulsions – actions & behaviors that one feels need to be done over & over again; one can’t stop doing them
- Worries & anxiety occur if one tries to stop the obsessions or compulsions
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Population
Causes
- Children & teenagers (1%)
- Causes
- Exact cause unknown
- Some parts in the brain don’t seem to work well in OCT (basal ganglia) post strep infection
- Exact cause unknown
- Some parts in the brain don’t seem to work well in OCT (basal ganglia) post strep infection
How is OCD treated?
-
Medication
- Anafranil (clomipramine)
- Prozac (fluoxetine)
- Zoloft (sertraline)
- Luvox (fluvoxamine)
-
Psychotherapy
- Behavioral therapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Anafranil (clomipramine)
- Prozac (fluoxetine)
- Zoloft (sertraline)
- Luvox (fluvoxamine)
- Behavioral therapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
What are the symptoms of Panic Disorder?
Periods of extreme anxiety or fear that begin suddenly (min to hrs)
- Shortness of breath
- Feeling dizzy or faint
- Racing heartbeat
- Feeling shaky
- Stomach upset
- Sweating
- Thinking one may lose control
- Big fear of getting another period of anxiety
What is the typical population of Panic Disorder?
- Rare in young children
- More frequent in teenagers
- Tendency to have PD runs in families (hereditary)
What causes Panic Disorder?
- In a very frightening situation, the symptoms of panic attack (extreme anxiety or fear) would be normal or expected
- In people w/ PD, the part of the brain that controls anxiety (locus coeruleus) reacts for no apparent reason, giving the person extreme anxiety even though he/she is not in a frightening situation
How is Panic Disorder treated?
-
Medication
- Tofranil (imipramine)
- Xanax (alprazolam)
- Paxil (paroretine)
-
Psychotherapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Tofranil (imipramine)
- Xanax (alprazolam)
- Paxil (paroretine)
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
What are the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
-
Nightmares or flashbacks (re-experiencing the trauma in one’s mind, along w/ a sudden feeling of fear that the trauma is happening again)
- Avoid situations that bring the trauma back into memory
- Difficulty remembering the trauma
- Losing interest in things
-
Hopelessness (the future doesn’t look good)
- Constant fear about not being safe
- Severe anxiety & depression
People w/ PTSD have had a very bad experience (physically or sexually abused, natural disasters, seriously injured), which leads to intense & continuing feelings of _____& ________.
PTSD may also be seen in ______ who have witnessed a serious accident or saw someone get badly injured
Anyone, of any age, who has lived through a traumatic event might show ______________.
threat, helplessness
children
PTSD symptoms
What are the causes of PTSD?