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Flashcards in Substance Abuse and Addiction Deck (22)
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1
Q

Categories of General Substance Use Disorder

A

Impaired Control
Social Impairment
Risky Use
Pharmacologic Dependence

2
Q

What are the different classes of severity?

A

Mild: 2-3 Criteria
Moderate: 4-5
Severe: 6 or more

3
Q

What are the different timelines for remission?

A

Early: 3-12 mo
Sustained: > 12 mo

4
Q

What is the definition of substance abuse?

A

Problematic pattern of substance use within a 12 mo period manifest by two or more symptoms that cause impairment in functioning

5
Q

Examples of symptoms in substance abuse

A

Taken in larger amounts or for longer than intended.
Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down use.
Great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects.
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are reduced or given up because of substance use.
Craving or a strong desire or urge to use the substance.
Psychological and/or physiological dependence are not necessary for diagnosis

6
Q

What is the definition of dependence vs abuse?

A

Dependence: Abuse + Withdrawal/Tolerance/Physical Signs

7
Q

How is intoxication defined?

A

Specific criteria for each substance
Use by history
Physiological correlates of use
Clinically significant maladaptive behavior/physiological changes
No other medical condition or substance

8
Q

What is the definition of withdrawal?

A

Cessation of prolonged use
Specific physiologic correlates
Clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

9
Q

What are other substance induced disorders?

A

Depression, Psychosis, Anxiety, Bipolar, etc.

Develop during use and not due to outside causes

10
Q

Which chemical is the traditional basis of addiction?

A

Dopamine

11
Q

What is the neurological significance of dopamine regarding substance abuse?
What characteristic do almost all addictive drugs display?
What occurs without drug-induced dopamine release?

A

Common reward pathway – Opiates, cannabis, cocaine, alcohols, amphetamines
Ventral Tegmental Area to Nucleus Accumbens

Almost all addictive drugs exhibit tolerance

Lack of dopamine due to use stoppage results in conscious dysphoria or unconscious craving

12
Q

What genetic variant plays a role in codeine?

A

CYP2D6 to convert to morphine
Inability to process is more common in African Americans

13
Q

What psychodynamic and personality factors play a role in addiction?

A

Affective dysregulation – Cannot tolerate bad moods
Impulse control deficits – More reliance on reward
Ego defects – Harder to cope with pain

14
Q

What family dynamics play a role in addiction?

A

Codependence, enabling
Multigenerational drug dependence
Parental loss through divorce, death, abandonment, incarceration

15
Q

What are the stages of treatment?

A

Detoxification (Pre-treatment)
Active Treatment
Maintenance Treatment
Relapse

16
Q

How are alcohol, opiates, and stimulants detoxed?

A

Alcohol – Benzo, Phenobarbital, Folate, Thiamine
Opiates – Clonidine, Loperamide, Analgesics
Stimulants – Sleep, food, water

17
Q

What is involved in active treatment?

A

Separation from substance
Education
Lifestyle changes
Family and relationship work
Conversion process – Give control back to patient, make patient understand that the substance will kill them

18
Q

What is the purpose of maintenace treatment?
What is the prognosis of it?
What does it involve?

A

Change is key and maintain change
Relapse rates are very high if not taken seriously
Involves medications, aftercare, personal commitment

19
Q

What are the major concerns with relapse?

A

Often as bad or worse than former use
High morbidity
Changes in tolerance, often reach worse highs because less tolerance but still use elevated dosing

20
Q

What is the realistic best prognosis for addicts?

A

Addicts seek normalcy, but often not actually possible
Recovery is a mindset patients need to reach and maintain

21
Q

What is the goal of motivational enhancement therapy?

A

Recognize the stage the patient currently is in
Create conditions that enhance patient’s efforts
Support intrinsic motivation of patient

22
Q

What are the principles of motivational enhancement therapy?

A

Express Empathy
Develop Discrepancy (between where patient is and where they want to be)
Avoid Argumentation
Roll with Resistance
Support Self-Efficacy