1. Topic frame 2. expressing old info 1. Contrast 1. Generalization

1. marks subject of the sentence 1. state something just observed 1. correction/clarification/emphasis 2. new info / introduce new topic

1. N-와/과 2. N-(이)랑 3. N-하고

1. Indicates the listing of various things or people 2. if 같이 or 함께 appear after it then can indicate the person with which the subject does an action

1. indicate a beginning temporal point

1. excludes the noun attached to this (must be used with negative verb)

1. Indicates the direction in which something proceeds 2. indicates that the noun it attaches to is a tool, instrument or means of doing verb 3. indicates that the preceding noun is a selection from several options. 4. indicates “the result of a change of state” 5. indicates “the reason”

1. indicates the noun is part of a set 1. Indicates an amount being more than expected 2. can mean approximately when used with certain question words

Grammar Flashcards by Dayo S

N-은/는

Topic frame
expressing old info
Contrast
Generalization

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N-을/를

indicates noun is the object of a sentence

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N-이/가

marks subject of the sentence
state something just observed
correction/clarification/emphasis
new info / introduce new topic

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N-이다 / 다
N-이야 / 야
N-이에요 / 예요
N-(이)ㅂ니다

attaches to end of a noun to indicate that the subject and predicate are the same thing or specify something

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-이었- / 였-

attaches to end of a noun to indicate that the subject and predicate were the same thing or specify something

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N-일 것 / 거-

attaches to end of a noun to indicate that the subject and predicate will be the same thing or specify something

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N-이/가 아니-

attaches to end of a noun to indicate that the subject and predicate are not the same thing or specify something

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N-이/가 아녔-

attaches to end of a noun to indicate that the subject and predicate were not the same thing or specify something

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N-이/가 아닐 것- / 거-

attaches to end of a noun to indicate that the subject and predicate will not be the same thing or specify something

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N-(으)ㄴ / -는 / -(으)ㄹ

Turn verbs into an adjectives

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N-도

Indicates inclusion of the noun in both negative and positve sentences

Example:
나도 갈 거예요. — I’m going too.
(You’re adding yourself to the group.)

Example:
이것도 맛있어요. — This is tasty too.
(There’s already something else tasty — and this one is also.)

Example:
울기도 했어요. — I even cried.
(Used with verbs — it shows that crying was one part of what happened.)

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N-와/과
N-(이)랑
N-하고

Indicates the listing of various things or people
if 같이 or 함께 appear after it then can indicate the person with which the subject does an action

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N-에서

Indicates where an action or behaviour occurs

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N-부터

indicate a beginning temporal point

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N-까지

indicates an ending point

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N-한테
N-에게
N-께

animated goal of action

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N-에게(서)
N-한테(서)
N-께로부터

animated source of action

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N-만

Indicates the noun is the limit

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N-밖에

excludes the noun attached to this
(must be used with negative verb)

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N-(으)로

Indicates the direction in which something proceeds
indicates that the noun it attaches to is a tool, instrument or means of doing verb
indicates that the preceding noun is a selection from several options.
indicates “the result of a change of state”
indicates “the reason”

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N-(이)나

indicates the noun is part of a set
Indicates an amount being more than expected
can mean approximately when used with certain question words

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N-쯤

approximation of time or an amount

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1.N-처럼
2. N-같이

Indicates that a noun is similar in description to the noun
-처럼 more for descriptions
-같이 more for actions

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N-보다

Indicates comparison to this noun

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N-마다

each or every

N-께서

honorific subject marker

N-에

1. Indicates the location of where a person or thing does or does not exist when used with 있다 or 없닺 2. Indicates the direction in which an action proceeds 3. Indicates time when some action or situation occurs - added to final noun only if more than one noun representing time is used in the sentence 4. Can make 에는 or 에도

1. N-마저 1. N-조차

Indicates inclusion in negative contexts Example: 친구마저 나를 떠났어요. — Even my friend left me. (Everyone else left before, and now even the last one did too.)

N-만큼

1. Indicates "to the equal" of the noun Example: 먹은 만큼 돈을 내세요. Example: 그 사람만큼 잘하는 사람은 없어요.

N-에 의하다

to be based on (noun) Example: 조사에 의하면 사람들이 불만이 많아요. — based on the survey, people have many complaints. (You're stating the source of the information.) Example: 법에 의해서 처벌받을 수 있어요. — based on the law, can be punished (The action is done based on the law.)

N-에다가

1. something is addition to noun Example: 상자에다가 넣었어요. — I put it into the box. (You’re saying where the item was placed.) Example: 설탕에다가 소금까지 넣었어요. — I added salt on top of the sugar. (One thing added, then another layered in.)

N-별(로)

sorted by (noun) Example: 문제는 분야별로 정리되어 있어요.

N-(으)로서

as a (job role / societal role noun) Example: 선생님으로서 할 일이에요. Example: 친구로서 충고하는 거야.

N-(이)란

(noun) is defined as… / (noun) is Example: 사랑이란 이해와 배려예요. — Love is understanding and consideration. (You’re explaining what love means.) Example: 인생이란 참 어려운 거예요. — Life is really hard. (You’re reflecting on what life is like — adding tone or feeling.)

N-에 대해(서)

about/ regarding (noun topic/subject) 1. 한국 문화에 대해 공부하고 있어요. 2. 그 문제에 대해 이야기합시다. 3. 환경 보호에 대해 관심이 많아요.

N의

Indicates the possessor and possession relationship between two nouns (can be omitted in casual / polite speech)

ㅡ irregular

If attaching 아 or 어, check the previous vowel. If ㅗ or ㅏ then add ㅏ, else add ㅓ

ㄹ irregular

If attaching ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅅ remove ㄹ. If attaching -(으), then -(으) is omitted instead If attaching -(으)ㄹ, then - (으)ㄹ is omitted

ㅂ irregular

For a few verb and adjective stems that end in ㅂ, ㅂ changes to 오 or 우 when aded to an ending that begins with a vowel 돕다 and 곱다 are the only two that change to 오

ㄷ irregular

For a few verb stems that end in ㄷ, ㄷ changes to a ㄹ when added to an ending that begins with a vowel

르 irregular

For most adjectives and verb stems ㅡ is omitted and and an additional ㄹ is added to form ㄹㄹ.

ㅎ irregular

When an adjective stem ending in ㅎ is attached to a vowel, ㅎ is omitted

ㅅ irregular

For a few verbs and adjective stems,. ㅅ is omitted when attached to a vowel for a few verbs

indicates progression or continuation of an action

V-고 있-

indicates future plan or intention

V-(으)ㄹ 거예요

indicates that an action happened in the past or that an action or situation happened in the past has remained that way

A/V-았/었-

indicates a past occurence that does not continue into the present

A/V-았/었었-

indicates a present action or situation

A/V-아/어요

negate an action or state (say it's not or do not)

1. 안 A/V 2. noun 안 하다 - (하다 verbs) 2. A/V-지 않아요

express subjects lack of ability to do something or the fact that something does not go according to one's wish or hope due to an external factor

1. 못 V 2. noun 못 하다 - (하다 verbs) 2. V-지 못해요

When referring to a group with which one is associated - what words are used as pronouns?

우리 저희

When referring to younger siblings - what words are used as pronouns?

제 내

1. used two or more actions, states or facts 2. can indicate the first action is done before the next (tense only in last clause)

A/V-고

1. indicates a choice between an action or state and the one following it (for statements)

A/V-거나

indicates info in the second clause is contrary to that in the first.

A/V-지만

1. indicates info in the second clause is contrary or an unexpected result to that in the first 2. used when the first clause expresses the background reason for the second clause and also when the first clause provides conrent introducing the second clause

A/V-(으)ㄴ/는데

indicates before some action or before a certain period of time

N 전에, V-기 전에

indicates after some action or after a certain period of time

N 후에, V-(으)ㄴ 후에

indicates the complete finishing of one action followed by the beginning of another (not used with motion verbs)

V-고 나서

indicates the action in the second clause happens after the action in the first - the two actions are so closely that the second could not have happened without the first

V-아/어서

indicates a time when an action or state occurs or its duration

N 때, A/V-(으)ㄹ 때

indicates that the action of the first and second verbs occur simultaneously

V-(으)면서

indicates an action or noun is in progress

N 중, V-는 중

indicates that something happens right after an action

V-자마자

indicates duration of action or noun

N 동안, V-는 동안

indicates how much time has passed since an action occurred

V-(으)ㄴ 지

indicates whether an action is possible, or isn't possible

V-(으)ㄹ 수 있- / 없-

indicates whether one know how to do an action or doesn't

V-(으)ㄹ 줄 알- / 모르-

used when making a polite request to the listener to do an action (used with adjectives idiomatically)

V-(으)세요

used when requesting the listener politely not to do an action

V-지 마세요

indicates the need to do an action or be a state

A/V-아/어야 되- / 해-

indicates permission to do an action or be a state

A/V-아/어도 되-

indicates that an action or state is not allowed to the listener

A/V-(으)면 안 되-

indicates that an action or state is not necessary to the listener

A/V-지 않아도 되- (안 A/V-아/어도 되-)

indicates the speaker's want to do an action

V-고 싶-

indicates a third parties want to do an action

V-고 싶어하-

indicates a wish to do an action or be a state

A/V-았/었으면 좋겠-

indicates the action or state in the first clause is the reason for or the cause of the clause after (can't use with requests)

A/V-아/어서

indicates the action or state is the reason or justification for the the clause after

A/V-(으)니까

indicates the action, noun or state in the first clause is the reason for or the cause of the clause after (can't use with requests)

N 때문에, A/V-기 때문에

indicates a request to the listener to perform an action for the speaker

V-아/어 주세요, V-어/아 주시겠어요?

indicates when offering help to the listener to perform an action

V-아/어 줄게요, V-어/아 줄까요?

indicates attempting an action

V-아/어 보다

indicates never having experienced an action, or having experienced an action

V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있- / 없-

used when the speaker wants to either suggest doing an action together with the listener or ask about the listener's preference regarding an action or ask the listener for their opinion regarding an action

V-(으)ㄹ까요?

used when the speaker suggests doing an action together with the listener

V-(으)ㅂ시-

used when politely asking the listener a question based in the future

V-(으)시겠어요?

used when politely asking the listener a question based in the future (focuses on want)

V-(으)ㄹ래요?

indicates the intention or will of the speaker and can indicate that an action or state is about to occur

A/V-겠-

used when the speaker wants to express a decision or intention to do an action to another person

V-(으)ㄹ게요

indicates that the speaker has the will or intention to do something (casual usage)

V-(으)ㄹ래요

indicates as a result of performing an action in the first clause, a fact in the second clause was discovered

V-(으)니까

indicates to perform an action the movement verb in the next clause is done.

V-(으)러 movement verb

indicates to perform an action whatever mentioned in the clause after is done

V-(으)려고

indicates that an action is planned by the speaker

V-(으)려고 하-

indicates for the benefit of an action or noun whatever is mentioned in the clause after will be done

N을/를 위해(서), V-기 위해(서)

indicates making a decision with another person or a resolution with oneself

V-기로 하-

1. used when stating a condition about an action or state 1. Also, used when supposing an uncertain situation or a situation that has not yet happened

A/V-(으)면

V-(으)려면

A/V-아/어도

A/V-(으)ㄹ 거예요

A/V-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 것 같-

관형형 -(으)ㄴ/-는/-(으)ㄹ N

A/V-(으)ㄹ까요?

A/V-기

A-게

A-아/어하-

V-아/어 있-

A-아/어지-

V-게 되-

A/V-(으)ㄴ/는지

V-는 데 걸리- / 들-

A/V-지요?

A/V-군요/는군요

A/V-네요

A-(으)ㄴ가요? V-나요?

A/V-(으)ㄴ/는데요

Grammar Flashcards

(120 cards)