Flashcards in repro 3.2 menstrual dysfunction Deck (45)
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1
From when does the proliferative phase occur?
From the onset of menses to ovulation.
2
What's the order of the blood vessels found within the uterine wall?
uterine artery
radial arteries
arcuate arteries
straight arteries
spiral arteries
3
How long is the average menstrual cycle?
21-35 days
4
What's the average volume of blood lost per cycle?
37-48 ml/cycle
5
Whats the name given to heavy periods?
Menorrhagia
6
What are some cuases of menorhagia?
fibroids
abnormal clotting
cancer
progesterone contraception
the coil (IUCD)
7
What are fibroids?
Benign growths of fibrous and muscular tissue that develop in and around the uterus.
8
What are some types of fibroids?
intracavitary
intramural
submucosal
subserosal
pedunculated
9
What does DUB stand for?
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
10
What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
heavy bleeding ewith no recognisable pathology or bleeding disorders. It's a diagnosis based off the exclusion of other pathology.
11
syggest a method of reducing uterine bleeding.
endomtrial ablation, using a laser to singe some of the blood vessels.
12
What's a long term fix for treatment of menorrhagia?
removal of the uterus, but should only be considered in women who are sure they dont want any more children.
13
What's a major cause irregular bleeding?
contraceptives
14
What's ammenorrhoea?
Abscence of periods.
15
What are the different classifications of ammenorrhoea?
Primary- never had a period
secondary- eg had periods before but have since stopped
16
What are some causes of secondary ammenorrhoea?
pregnancy
weight loss
some contraceptives
PCOS
Menopause
pituitary tumours
certain drugs, eg for cancer.
severe stress
17
What broad impacts can menstrual disorders have?
physical- eg anaemia, tiredness
psychological-depression, anxiety, mood swings, irritability
Social- sports, swimming
18
Whats is dysmenorrhoea?
Painful periods
19
What is oligomenorrhoea?
irregular periods more than 35 days apart
20
What is PMS?
pre-menstrual syndrome- physical and emotional symptoms experiences during the second half of the cycle, so a week or so before menses which can lead to irritability, mood swings, breast tenderness, bloated, headaches, sleep problems etc.
21
What is primary ammenorrhoea?
the absense of menses without secondary characteristics by 14, or with secondary characteristics by the age of 16.
22
What's the definition of seondary ammenorrhoea?
ceasing of menses, for more than 3 months in a woman who has regular periods, or 9 months in a woman who has irregular periods.
23
What are the 3 broad causes of primary amenorrhoea?
-problems with the outflow tract
-problems with the gonad/end organs
-problems with the hypothalamus/ pituitary.
24
What are some causes of outflow obstruction causing primary ammenorrhoea?
-mullerian agenesis,
-vaginal atresia
-imperforate hymen
25
What is Asherman's syndrome?
-fibrosis of the endometrium leading to lack of hormonal control response.
26
What is an outflow obstruction cause of secondary amenorrhoea?
Asherman's syndrome.
27
What are some ovarian/end organ causes of primary amenorrhoea?
-ovarian dysgenesis (eg Turners syndrome)
-androgen insensitivity
-FSH/LH receptor insensitivity
-congenital adrenal hyperplasia
28
What does hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism mean?
The gonads are underdevelopped, or have diminished functioning, which leads to less oestrogen production, so less negative feedback, causing an increase in the release of FSH and LH (hypergonadotrophic)
29
What happens in androgen insensitivity?
This is a condition of males, XY genotype, but the receptors for androgens including testosterone dont work. This causes lack of masculinisation of the external genitalia so the child will be phenotypically male, but will not have a uterus, ovaries etc.
30
