Yr13 💎 2.1 Information Processing: Information Processing & Memory

Question 1

Information processing

Answer 1

The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised

Question 2

3 parts of information processing

Answer 2

Input

Decision making

Output

Question 3

Input stage

Answer 3

Information picked up by the senses from the display

Question 4

What is the display

Answer 4

The sporting environment which includes aspects such as the condition of the pitch, the opposition, the crowd.

Question 5

What are receptor systems (5)

Answer 5

The senses that pick up information from the display:

• sight
• auditory sense
• touch
• balance
• kinesthesis

Question 6

Sight as a receptor system and its benefit

Answer 6

performer can pick up the flight of the ball or the position of an opponent. Picking up this information early can be useful and may mean that the information on the flight of the ball can be processed quickly , allowing more time for the Performer to make their decision

Question 7

Auditory senses as a receptor system and its benefit

Answer 7

A player may hear the call from a teammate or the sound of the ref’s whistle for example. Auditory stimuli can act as a simple trigger stimulus, speeding up reaction time.

Question 8

External senses

Answer 8

Sight and auditory senses are external senses as information is collected from the environment

Question 9

Internal senses

Answer 9

Touch, balance, kinesthesis

Senses used from within, collectively called Proprioceptors. Provide intrinsic information about touch, balance and kinesthesis

Question 10

Proprioceptors

Answer 10

senses that provide internal information from within the body’s

Question 11

AO2 examples of how touch and balance aid performance

Answer 11

Touch - can be used to feel the grip on the ball or the feel of the springboard used by the diver through the feet

Balance - Basketball players must set their feet before taking a free throw to ensure the accuracy of the shot. Also gymnasts when performing beam or dance floor routines

Question 12

Kinesthesis

Answer 12

The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension

Question 13

AO2 example of kinesthesis aiding performance

Answer 13

Swimmer will use kinethesis to help them be aware of body position during a tumble turn

Question 14

Outline of what occurs in the decision making stage

Answer 14

The performer must make a decision based on all the information collected by the senses.

Question 15

2 factors helping decision making

Answer 15

• selective attention
• use of the memory system

Question 16

Difficulty of decision making

Answer 16

The performer can receive a host of information from the 5 senses, yet needs to make their decision based only on the important aspects of that information

Question 17

Selective attention

Answer 17

Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information

Question 18

AO2 example of selective attention

Answer 18

Will help a badminton player focus on the position of the opponent and the flight of the shuttlecock while ignoring the crowd and the display that are outside the court

Question 19

4 ways a performer can develop their selective attention with an example (AO1+AO2)

Answer 19

1. A sports performer can enhance the process of selective attention by learning to focus and concentrate on the important information, getting used to the idea of a stimulus.

If the stimulus is made more intense, loud or bright when the performer is training, the concentration of the performer will improve

Example: in football training, use of a brightly coloured ball will help the player to develop the instinct to pick up the pace on the incoming pass early.

2 .The performer may also leave to ignore the irrelevant information by training with distractions in a realistic environment.

Example: 2014 6 nations, England preparing for a game against wales trained with sounds of a loud, passionate crowd to replicate the Welsh crowd. Players told to concentrate on their calls and communication to ignore the crowd noise.

3. Improve motivation can help the process of selective attention: improving motivation through rewards such as positive comments will increase the alertness to important information.
4. In addition mental practice can help the process of selective attention

Example: climber would plan their moves and the types of holds and grips they intent to use before they commence the next phase of the intended route.

Question 20

4 ways a performer can develop selective attention (ao1)

Answer 20

• learning to focus on important information, getting used to the stimulus
• learning to ignore irrelevant information
• improve motivation
• mental practice

Question 21

Benefits of selective attention

Answer 21

• improve reaction time significantly
• improves the chances of making the correct decision
• allows to concentrate more on the detailed aspects of the task
• helps the decision making process, working memory = limited capacity, too much information can affect memory function

Question 22

What is the perceptual stage of information processing and 3 aspects of it

Answer 22

The perceptual stage is when the performer interprets the information received from the display stage and selects relevant.

3 aspects of activity called DETECTION, COMPARISON, RECOGNITION (DCR)

Question 23

Detection

Answer 23

Detection means the performer picks up relevant information and identified that information as important, using the senses and the process of selective attention.

Question 24

Comparison

Answer 24

The brain compares the information with past experiences stored in memory.

Question 25

Recognition

Answer 25

The performer has used the information to identify an appropriate response

Question 26

3 aspects to include in exams when describing the decision making process

Answer 26

- selective attention - DCR - translatory mechanisms

Question 27

Role of translatory mechanisms and how it performs

Answer 27

Adapts and compares coded information to memory so that decisions can be made. Using past experiences so that information received can be linked with past experiences and sent to the memory system. Actions are stored as motor programmes, translatory mechanisms use coded information from the perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programme from memory

Question 28

2 aspects of output

Answer 28

- Effector mechanism and the muscular output - Feedback

Question 29

What is the effector mechanism

Answer 29

The network of nerves that send coded impulses to the muscles. The muscles will receive the information in the form of coded impulses and once this impulse is received, muscles will contract and the response can begin

Question 31

What is feedback

Answer 31

The information used during or after the response to aid movement correction

Question 32

Whiting information-processing model order

Answer 32

Input data from display (the sporting environment) Receptor systems (5 senses to collect info from display) Perceptual mechanism - selective attention Translatory mechanism - compare relevant information picked up from perception to an action, comparison and recognition (CR) begin to operate Effector mechanism - sends the coded impulses to the muscles Muscular system - muscles pick up information and begin to contract Output data - response begins Feedback data