Yr13 💎 2.1 Information Processing: Response Time

Question 1

Why is a faster response time an advantage to the player

Answer 1

The faster the response is made, the more time sports players have to execute their skills. Especially in team games, when the skills are open and unpredictable, it is very important to make decisions quickly so that the player can adapt to the changing conditions faster than the opposition

Question 2

Reaction time

Answer 2

Time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response

Question 3

Movement time

Answer 3

The time taken to complete the task

Question 4

Response Time

Answer 4

Total time takes from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the task

Question 5

Relationship (equation) between reaction time, response time and movement time

Answer 5

Response time = reaction time + movement time

Question 6

What is simple reaction time

Answer 6

When there is once specific response to one stimulus

For example, an athlete at the start of the race responding to the starters gun

This 1 choice will produce a faster reaction time, since the athlete only has 1 thing to think about before they react

Question 8

What is a choice reaction time

Answer 8

When the player had to choose a number of responses once the correct stimulus had been chosen.

For example , a midfielder had to choose the correct stimulus from various indicators, once chosen, they also have to choose the correct response form various options

Reaction time is much slower as the number of factors can affect the response time

Question 9

4 factors which affect response time

Answer 9

1. The number of choices: Hicks Law
2. The single- channel hypothesis
3. The psychological refractory period
4. Anticipation

Question 10

Hicks law

Answer 10

Reaction time increases as the number of choices increase

Question 11

When can hicks law be used as an advantage to a performer

Answer 11

Trying to keep your opponent guessing which choice to perform will reduce reaction time. For example, when serving in tennis, may mix up the serve with slice or direction so the opponent never has 1 choice when returning the serve. This win increase response preparation time, delaying the actions of the opponent

Question 12

Why is hicks law not a linear straightforward relationship?

Answer 12

It does not always work that reaction time increases at the same rate as choices increase.

This is because players can become familiar with their environment, and in tennis for example, opponents later on in the game may have got used to all types of serves being played and the response becomes slightly quicker

Question 13

What 3 concepts explain how timing and choice affect response time

Answer 13

Single channel hypothesis

The psychological refractory period

Anticipation

Question 14

What does the single channel hypothesis state

Answer 14

States that stimuli can only be processed one at a time, therefore a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed before it can be processed, along with any following stimuli.

The delay in processing a second stimulus increases the response time, adding to hicks law, the more choices the slower the response time

Question 15

What is the psychological refractory period

Answer 15

A delay in when the second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed

This explains the delay that occurs because we can only process one stimulus at a time.

Single channel hypothesis, only 1 stimulus processed at a time, if multiple = delay

Question 16

Ways performers can use PRP to their advantage

Answer 16

There are ways you can deceive your opponent to force a delay in their response. For example, using a fake or dummy pass in a team game to fool opponents, causing confusion and multiple stimulus to delay response

Question 17

Anticipation

Answer 17

Prejudging a stimulus: the performer tries to work out what is going to happen before it does.

The information can be learned prior to the game by researching the opposition or by learning form the actions of the opponent throughout the game.

Question 18

2 essential aspects of anticipation

Answer 18

Temporal anticipation
Spatial anticipation

Question 19

Temporal anticipation

Answer 19

Prejudging when a stimulus is going to happen

Question 20

Spatial anticipation

Answer 20

Prejudging what and where the stimuli are going to be

Question 21

How can anticipation improve response time or reduce it

Answer 21

Correct anticipation = improves response time as information process is speeded up, the information has been processed before the action has happened, so the movement aspect of the response can happen immediately.

However, if anticipation is incorrectly judged, and the stimulus that is presented is not the expected one, then there will be a delay while the actual and second stimulus are processed

Question 22

5 strategies to improve response time

Answer 22

1. Mental practice - going over the task in the mind prior to the action, response can be predicted so made quicker. Working well with closed and serial skills when environment is predictable
2. During the practice, performer could train to the specific stimulus expected in the game, a goalkeeper might practice saving penalties to their left if the opponent often shoots there
3. Performer could learn to focus and concentrate during the game so that the stimulus is picked up early
4. Improve fitness levels = improves reaction time
5. Homework, improve anticipation