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Paramedic Lecture: 2nd Semester > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Intrinsic risk factors

A

Risk factors within or influenced by the patient: i.e. Genetic predisposition

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2
Q

What disease types allow blood to pool in the large veins of the pelvis and lower extremities causing pulmonary emboli?

A

Cardiac and circulatory diseases

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3
Q

Extrinsic risk factors

A

Factors that are external to the patient, I.e. Cigarette smoking

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4
Q

What are diseases commonly found among cigarette smokers?

A

Lung carcinoma, COPD, Pneumonia, Pulmonary emboli, and other cardiac diseases.

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5
Q

What are the three steps of gas exchange?

A

Ventilation, Diffusion, perfusion

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6
Q

Ventilation

A

Mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules through the membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

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8
Q

Perfusion

A

The circulation of blood through the capillaries

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9
Q

For ventilation to occur, What three body structures must be intact?

A

Chest wall, nerve pathways, diaphragm

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10
Q

What is the normal concentration of oxygen in the alveoli?

A

104 mmHg

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11
Q

What is a normal concentration of oxygen in the pulmonary arterial circulation?

A

40 mmHg

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12
Q

What is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

45 mmHg

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13
Q

What is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli?

A

40 mmHg

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14
Q

For diffusion to occur, what three body structures must be intact?

A

Respiratory membrane, interstitial space, and endothelial lining.

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15
Q

What types of medications can be used to treat a patient suffering from fluid accumulation or inflammation?

A

Diuretic agent or anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids, Antibiotics)

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16
Q

How does the oxygen disassociation curve work?

A

As oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin other oxygen molecules more readily binds to that hemoglobin. Similarly, as oxygen bound hemoglobin begins to release oxygen, it more readily releases more oxygen.

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17
Q

For perfusion to occur, what four things must be in place?

A

Adequate volume of blood, pulmonary capillaries must be able to transport blood, vessels must not be occluded, and the heart must pump efficiently.

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18
Q

What three things can alter the oxygen disassociation curve?

A

Body temperature, blood pH, and PCO2.

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19
Q

In patients with acute pulmonary edema, what type of drug would be helpful?

A

A diuretic, because that reduces blood return to an inefficiently pumping heart and improves cardiac efficiency.

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20
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.

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21
Q

Pulmonary respiration

A

Occurs in the lungs when the respiratory gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the red blood cells.

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22
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Involves the exchange of respiratory gases between the red blood cells and the various tissues.

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23
Q

What injuries cause loss of negative pressure with in the plural space?

A

Pneumothorax, hemothorax

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24
Q

Cheyne– Stokes respirations

What does it look like, and what does it indicate?

A

Progressively increasing title volume followed by a declining title volume, separated by periods of apnea
–Indicates brain injury and/ or often found older patients.

25
Q

Kussmaul Respirations

What does it look like, and what does it indicate?

A

Deep, rapid breaths

–Indicates diabetic ketoacidosis which produces metabolic ketoacidosis

26
Q

Central Neurogenic Hyperventilations

What does it look like, and what does it indicate?

A

Deep, rapid respirations

– Indicates strokes or injury to the brainstem.

27
Q

Ataxic (Biot’s) Respiratons

What does it look like, and what does it indicate?

A

Repeated episodes of gasping ventilation separated by periods of apnea.
– Indicates increased intracranial pressure.

28
Q

Apneustic Respirations

What does it look like, and what does it indicate?

A

Characterized by long, deep breaths that are stopped during the inspiratory phase and separated by periods of apnea.
– Indicates stroke or severe central nervous system disease.

29
Q

Anemia

A

A condition in which the number of red blood cells or amounted in hemoglobin in them is below normal.

30
Q

What are the five parts of getting a general impression of respiratory status?

A

Position, color, mental status, ability to speak, respiratory effort.

31
Q

Asphyxia

A

A decrease in the amount of oxygen and an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide as a result of some interference with respiration.

32
Q

Orthopnea

A

Dyspnea while lying supine

33
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

Short attacks of dyspnea that occur at night and interrupt sleep.

34
Q

Ronchi

A

Rattling sounds in the larger airways associated excessive mucus or other material.

35
Q

Wheezing

A

Whistling sound due to narrowing of the airways by edema, bronchoconstriction, or foreign materials.

36
Q

Pulsus paradoxes

A

A drop in the systolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg or more with each respiratory cycle. Associated with COPD and cardiac tamponade.

37
Q

Capnometry

A

The measurement of expired CO2

38
Q

Capnography

A

A graphic recording or display of the capnometry reading over time

39
Q

Capnograph

A

A device that measures expired CO2 levels

40
Q

Capnogram

A

The visual representation of the expired CO2 waveform

41
Q

End title CO2

A

The measurement of CO2 concentration at the end of expiration

42
Q

PETCO2

A

The partial pressure of and title CO2 in a mixed gas solution

43
Q

PaCO2

A

The partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood

44
Q

What are common ailments associated with decreased ETCO2?

A

Shock, cardiac arrest, pulmonary embolism, bronchospasm, and incomplete airway occlusion.

45
Q

What is phase one of a wave form?

A

Late inspiration phase

46
Q

What is phase two of the waveform?

A

Appearance of CO2 in the exhaled gas.

47
Q

What is the phase three of the waveform?

A

Plateau (Constant CO2)

48
Q

What is phase four of the waveform?

A

rapid descent during inspiration

49
Q

What part of the patient’s body is not functioning correctly in cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

The left ventricle of the heart

50
Q

What are some obstructive lung diseases?

A

Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis

51
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disorders of the lung.

52
Q

Blebs

A

Destroyed lung tissue

53
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased red blood cell production/ an excess of red blood cells

54
Q

When do medical problems related to smoking usually develop?

A

When patients surpass a 20 pack/year history.

55
Q

How do you calculate the pack per year history?

A

Multiply the number of packs smoked per day by the number of years the patient smoked

56
Q

What does an asthmatic waveform look like?

A

Shark fin

57
Q

Status Asthmaticus

A

Severe, prolonged asthma attack that cannot be broken by repeated doses of bronchodilators. Under this condition, recognize that respiratory arrest is imminent and be prepared for endotracheal intubation.

58
Q

Pleuritic

A

Sharp or tearing, as a description of pain

59
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it.

Paramedic Lecture: 2nd Semester (48 decks)

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