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DTCC Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Nervous System Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

whats the midbrain

A

home of the startle reflex
visual,auditory,righting reflex
encloses the cerebral aquaduct-tunnel between 3rd and 4th ventricles

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2
Q

Schawnn cells

A

coil around axon and make mylein sheath in PNS

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3
Q

axon terminal

A

ends of an axon

-synaptic knobs are knobs at the ends of an axon terminal that contain neurotransmitters

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4
Q

name 4 characteristics of the Parietal lobe

A
  • left for right side and vise versa
  • receive impulses from stretch receptors in muscles
  • tastes areas that overlap the temporal lobes
  • integration of sensory info except hearing, smell and vision
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5
Q

what does the brain stem consist of

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

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6
Q

name 3 characteristics of the frontal lobe

A
  • the left motor area controls movement for the right side, and vise versa
  • Broca’s motor speech area (usually on the left side) is for movements of the mouth thats involved in speaking
  • Motivation, foresight,planning,mood,social judgement, aggression
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7
Q

Mylein sheath

A

white fatty substance that insulates and protects dendrites and axons
may encourage rapid transmission of impulses

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8
Q

what does gray matter consist of

A

somas of neurons

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9
Q

what does the folding of cerebral cortex allow?

A

allos for more neurons to fit in a small space, w/ increased surface area.

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10
Q

what’s the pons

A

acts as a bridge to the cerebellum

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11
Q

refractory period

A

during an AP and for a short time thereafter, it’s difficullt or impossible to stimulate that region of the neuron again

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12
Q

whats a basic definition of the frontal lobe

A

motor areas that generate impulses for voluntary movement

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13
Q

describe the reflex arc

A 
stimulus received at sensory receptor
afferent neuron carries message to CNS
interneuron of CNS processes message
efferent neuron carries message to effector
message transmitted to effector
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14
Q

Neurilemma

A

membrane covering some mylein sheaths and responsible for regeneration of axons and dendrites-outermost coil of Schawnn cell

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15
Q

name 7 things about the hypothalamus

A
  • indirectly helps control function of every cell in the body
  • body temp. regulation
  • Appetite/satiey-nutrients and water balance
  • stimulation of visceral responses during emotional situations(blush, increase heart rate, anger,embarrassed)
  • integration of ANS
  • link between mind and body
  • link between nervous and endocrine system
  • endocrine functions-producing and releasing hormones
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16
Q

go into even more detail about the action potential.

A

1-Sodium ions arrive at the trigger zone to depolarize membranes as rising local potential
2-local potential must reach threshold -59 mV
3-Sodium gates open quickly/Potassium gates open more slowly
4-Sodium rushing into cell causes depolariztion
5-Positive feedback mechanism-more Na+ in- more Na+ gates open
6-Sodium gates close at 0mV
7-By the time all sodium gates close it’s at about +30-35mV-peak
8- Cell is positive on inside or depolarized
9-potassium gates are now all open-rush out of cell to repolarize it
10-during AP, Na+ and K+ trade places
11- Potassium gates stay open longer than sodium gates, so negative overshoot(hyperpolariztion)
-12= Ion diffusion through the membrane gradually restores to original RMP -70mV

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17
Q

Atrocytes

A

star shapped cells that hold neurosn clsoe to small blood vessels

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18
Q

Relative refractory period

A

RMP-RMP
point of time during hyperpolarization
-if a stimulus is strong enough, it may override the outflow of potassium and depolarize the cell enough to set off a new action potential

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

“brain” of the cell

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20
Q

what does the surface of the cerebrum consist of

A

gray matter that’s extensively folded, called the cerebral cortex.

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21
Q

What two branches does the Autonomic Nervous System branch off into

A

Sympathetic Nervous

Parasympathetic

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22
Q

righting reflex

A

keep head upright and maintain balance and equilibrium

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23
Q

whats the lobes that the cerebral cortex is divided into.

A

frontal,temporal,parietal, occipital

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24
Q

dendrites

A

receptors for AP or impulse

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25
Q

what are action potentials

A

nerve impulses are picked up by dendrites and move to cell body or soma to an axon

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26
Q

whats the diencphalon

A

area of the brain that contain the thalamus and hypo thalamus. this area also encompasses the third ventricle

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27
Q

Axon

A

nerve fiber-carries impulses away from the soma- may communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands

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28
Q

whats the fissure that separates the brain into two hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

29
Q

gen. def. of the Temporal lobe

A

auditory areas receive impulses form inner ear

30
Q

white matter

A

nerves

mylein sheath is white, and nerve fibers usually have one (PNS)

31
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

32
Q

whats the 4 characteristics of Neuroglia

A

vary in size and shape
aka glial cells
ability to multiply
one of the most common types of brain tumors develop from them

33
Q

function of the pons

A

two respiratory centers that with medulla produce normal breathing rhythm pneumotaxic and apneustic

34
Q

What are central or interneurons

A

aka connecting neurons

transmit impulses from sensory to motor neurons

35
Q

gen. def. of Parietal lobe

A

general sensory areas that receive impulses from skin and allow us to feel

36
Q

whats the functional division of the nervous system

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM-SUPPLIES SKELETAL OR VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
ANS- SUPPLIES INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES(CARDIA AND SMOOTH)
SYMPATHETIC NS-“fIGHT OR fLIGHT”- STRESS RESPONSE
PARASYMPATHETIC NS- “REST AND DIGEST” “DE-STRESSOR”

37
Q

what are sensory/afferent neurons

A

transmit impulse TO brain and spinal cord

38
Q

name 5 things about the cerebellum

A 
second largest brain part
cerebellar cortex, outer layer of gray matter, that's convoluted
abor vitae
coordination of muscular activity
regulation of normal muscle tone
coordination of voluntary movements
maintenance of equilibrium and posture
39
Q

Nerve

A

group of axons bundled together

40
Q

whats the function of the medulla oblongata

A

-lies just above foramen magnum
-primitive survival devices-soughing and vomitting
-contains cardiovascular center(CVC),respiratory and vasomotor center
-control heartbeat,respirations, and blood vessel diameter (BP)
-can’t survive w/o the medulla
-reflex centers for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting
vital functions

41
Q

what structure does the CNS not cotain

A

cns has no neurilemma; therefor no regeneration

42
Q

whats the three main functions of the nervous system

A

integration
communication
Directs & coordinates bodily functions(especially muscles)

43
Q

Neuroglia

A

specialized connective tissue cells that support the neruons

44
Q

oligodendroglia

A

hold nerve cells together

45
Q

whats the visual reflex

A

move away from things coming at your face

46
Q

4 characteristics of the Temporal Lobe

A
  • olfactory areas receive impulses form visual nasal cavities for smell
  • left hemisphere of temporal and parietal lobes are speech areas concerned with thought before speech
  • taste
  • hearing,learning,memory,visual recognition, and emotional behavior
47
Q

whats another name for a soma

A

Perikaryon

it’s a cell body

48
Q

name 5 things about the thalamus

A

relay station for sensory impulses except smell
passes on sensory impulses to specific areas of the cerebral cortex
relates sensory impulses w/ pleasantness or unpleasantness-emotion by temporarily blocking minor sensations, the thalamus allows the cerebrum to concentrate on important tasks
crude recognition of pain, temp. and touch

49
Q

whats a nerve impulse

A

AP

50
Q

Whats the structural divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord

PNS- cranial and spinal nerves

51
Q

absolute refractory period

A

period of time during AP-from start of AP (threshold) until return to RMP- NO STIMULUS OF ANY STRENGTH will trigger a response

52
Q

whats the three types of neurons

A

sensory/afferent
motor/efferent
central/interneurons

53
Q

whats the pneumotaxic center

A

a neural center in the upper part of the pons that provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration and thereby prevents overdistension of the lungs and helps to maintain alternately recurrent inspiration and expiration.

54
Q

Microglia

A

smaller than astrocytes-act as phagocytes by moving around and eating microbes in inflames or degenerating brain tissue-otherwise they’re stationary in healthy brains

55
Q

auditory reflex

A

turn toward noises

56
Q

what are motor/efferent neurons

A

transmit impulses AWAY from the brain and spinal cord (to muscles and glands ONLY)

57
Q

whats the medulla oblongata

A

enlarged upward extension of the spinal cord

58
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual areas receive impulses from retinas to optic nerve to occipital

59
Q

whats the divisions of the brain starting with the most inferior

A

brain stem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum

60
Q

whats another name for gyri

A

convolutions

61
Q

whats the thalamus

A

two oval masses of gray matter partially covered by a thin layer of white matter

62
Q

Gray matter

A

tissue of cells bodies and unmyleinated axons and dendrites

63
Q

Nodes of Ranvier aka Mylein sheath gap

A

exposed areas of axon between mylein

64
Q

whats a general definition of the hypothalamus

A

center for homesotasis

65
Q

whats integral gray matter

A

white matter, composed of myelinated axons and dendrites that connect the lobes of the cerebrum to each other and to other parts of the brain

66
Q

Ependymal cells

A

resemble epithelial cells- ciliated cells that move CSF across nervous tissues of the CNS

67
Q

describe an AP (like go into voltage, etc)

A 
voltage-regulated gates
all or none response
irreversible
signal maintains strength no matter how far
trigger zone
68
Q

Schawnn cells

A

cells tha produce mylein sheath of nerve fibers of the PNS- wrap around axons of cells tightly-cytoplasm and nucleus may produce neurilemma, the structure necessary for nerve regeneration

69
Q

whats a graded(local) potential

A 
ligand-regulated gates
proportional to stimulus strength
reversible
decremental
dendrites and soma

DTCC Anatomy & Physiology (32 decks)

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