heart failure Flashcards
1
Q
what is the heart failure pathway?
A
- risk factors, diabetes, hypertension
- atherosclerosis and LVH
- MI
- remodelling
- ventricular dilation
- congestive heart fialure
- end stage, heart disease, and death
- death
2
Q
what is the definition of heart failure?
A
- LV doesnt relax properly, volume of blood reduced, SV reduced
- due to LV wall damage, LV has reduced ability to pump or eject blood
3
Q
what can cause heart failure?
A
- coronary heart disease
- hypertension
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- valve disease
- tachycardic arrhythmias
- HEFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction)
4
Q
what are the classic symptoms of heart failure?
A
- SOB
- difficulty breathing at night eg orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
- reduced exercise tolerance
- fatigue
- tiredness
- ankle swelling
5
Q
what are common physical findings of heart failure?
A
- elevated jugular venous pressure
- rales or crackles in lungs
- S3 or S4 heard
- murmur
- sacral oedema
- feet/ankles/lower legs
6
Q
what are the diagnostic tests in heart failure?
A
- ECG = arrhythmias, past MI, LVH
- CXR = perihilar congestion, fluid in inferior accessory fissure, kerley B lines, enlarged cardiac silhouette
7
Q
what is HRrEF?
A
- the LV is unable to eject an adequate amount of blood during systole
8
Q
what is HFpEF?
A
- less blood is able to fil the LV in diastole, due to myocardial stiffness
- thus the LV has less blood to eject during systole
9
Q
which drugs prolong survival of heart failure?
A
- RAS inhibition = ACE inhibitors, ARII antagnoists
- B-blockers
- aldosterone antagonists
- vasodilators
- sinus node blocker
10
Q
which drugs improve symptoms of heart failure?
A
- digoxin
- frusemide
11
Q
what is cardiac resynchronisation therapy? (CRT)
A
- the presence of LBBB in heart failure
- pacing the LV rom the left lateral wall
