Flashcards in Anatomy 2 Deck (215)
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31
where is the epidural space
outside the dura in the spinal chord
32
where is anaesthesia injected in caudal anaesthesia
sacral hiatus
33
where is epidural anaesthesia inserted
subarachnoid space surrounding cauda equina where vertebrae arent fused (l3/4 interface)
34
where does the subarachnoid space end
L2
35
when do you not perform a lumbar puncture
when there is raised ICP
36
what does the needle go through in an epidural
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
epidural space (fat and veins)
37
what does the needle go through in a lumbar puncture
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
epidural space (fat and veins)
dura mater
arachnoid mater
(reaches subarachnoid space)
38
what is a laminectomy
removal or one or more spinous processes and the adjacent lamina
used to access spinal cord/ spinal roots or to relieve spinal cord or nerve roots (tumour, herniated disc, bone hypertrophy)
39
as spinal nerves pass through the intervertebral foramina why is the posterior root enlarged
by the dorsal (posterior) root ganglion
40
what is the conus medullaris
where the spinal cord terminates
41
why is the posterior root enlarged as it leaves the intervetebral foramina
enlarged by dorsal root ganglion
42
what suspends the spinal cord in the canal
denticulate ligament
43
what is in the white matter of the spinal cord
axons, glial cells, blood vessels
44
what is in the grey matter of the spinal cord
soma, cell processes, synapses, glia and blood vessels
45
what is the lateral horn
at levels T1-L2 there is a smaller horn which contains the preganglionic sympathetic neurones
46
what is the blood supply of the spinal cord
3 longitudinal arteries (1 ant 2 post) that original from vertebral arteries
segmental arteries
radial arteries (travel along roots)
venous has longitudinal and segmental vessels also in epidural space
47
the right side of the cortex represents which side of the body
left
48
where is the primary somatosensory cortex
post central gyrus (poSt = Sensory)
49
describe the dorsal column/ medial lemniscus
ascending tract for fine touch and proprioception
enter dorsal column
sypanse in medulla @ nucleus gracillus- where it crosses to midline
goes to thalamus
the PostCG
50
describe the spinothalamic tract
ascending tract for pain, temp and deep pressure
synapse immediately in posterior horn and ascended on CONTRAlateral side
synapses in thalamus
PostCG
fibres cross Segmentally= Switch Sides Straight away as they enter cord= Spinothalamic
51
what is the primary motor cortex
pre central gyrus
52
describe the corticospinal tract
descending tract for fine precise movement (esp digits)
cortex PreCG
85% of fibres cross at the decussation of the pyramids in the medulla (forming the lateral CST)
other 15% form ventral CST which cross segmentally (at level they leave cord)
53
what are pyramidal tracts
corticospinal tract forms these on the anterior surface of the medulla- 85% of fibres cross here in medulla
54
what is the internal capsule
white matter strip where lots of sensory information (e.g. CST) travels through)
55
what happens if there is a CVS in the internal capsule
lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract which results in a spastic paralysis with hyperflexion of the upper limbs = decorticate posturing.
56
describe the tecto spinal tract
begins in tectum (post. mid brain)
dorsal tegmental decussation
mediates head and neck reflec to visual stimuli
57
decsribe the reticulospinal tract
Network of nuclei in the brainstem that control breathing, cardiac
58
describe the vestibulospinal tract
Fibres originate in the vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla
project down cord ipsilaterally
excite anti gravity extensor muscles
59
in general what motor influence do fibres from the pons and medulla do
Fibres originating in pons facilitate extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements, while those originating in the medulla do the opposite
60
