Flashcards in Chapter 35: Male Reproductive and Genitourinary Tumors Deck (106):
1
A total dose of 7200 cGy in fractions of 180 cGy is used to treat which male reproductive cancer?
Prostate
2
A total dose of 2500 cGy in fractions of 160 cGy is used to treat which male reproductive cancer?
Testicle
3
Which cancer can be treated using a water bath to provide dose homogeneity by compensating for the irregular surface with tissue-equivalent material?
Penis
4
Cancer of which urinary organ is most common?
Bladder
5
Cancer of which of the following male reproductive system components is most common?
Prostate
6
What is the most common form of kidney cancer?
Transitional cell carcinoma
7
What is the most common form of bladder cancer?
Transitional cell carcinoma
8
What is the standard dose used when irradiating the entire bladder?
4500 to 5000 cGy
9
What is the most common form of testicular cancer?
Germ cell tumors
10
What is the most common form of penile cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
11
What region might receive prophylactic radiation therapy for advanced right-sided testicular cancer?
Left SCV nodes
12
What is the primary treatment option for kidney cancer?
Surgery
13
What is the most common symptom of testicular cancer?
Painless mass
14
What is the 5-year survival of all stages of testicular cancer combined?
50%
15
What is the treatment of choice for testicular cancers?
Surgery
16
What is the 5-year survival of all stages of prostate cancer combined?
99%
17
Who has the most significant risk of developing prostate cancer?
70-year-old black male
18
Which of the following treatment techniques are most frequently used when irradiating the prostate?
I. Supine positioning
II. Prone positioning
III. Full bladder
IV. Empty bladder
a. I and III
I. Supine positioning
III. Full bladder
19
Which of the following cancers is most likely to occur in a 27-year-old male?
Testicle
20
Which of the following is least likely to be used in the management of a patient with prostate cancer?
Chemotherapy
21
Which lymph node chains will be treated if a man is diagnosed with right-sided testicular cancer that has not spread outside the testicle?
I. Right SCV nodes
II. Para-aortic nodes
III. Right inguinal nodes
II and III
II. Para-aortic nodes
III. Right inguinal nodes
22
Which of the following treatment techniques can be used to treat the prostate?
a. 4-field box
b. IMRT
c. Brachytherapy
d. All of the above
All of the above
23
Kidney carcinoma can be attributed to which of the following?
I. Cigarette use
II. Obesity
III. Betel nut chewing
I and II
I. Cigarette use
II. Obesity
24
To which surface of the prostate gland do the seminal vesicles attach?
Posterior superior
25
Gleason’s grading system is based on the tumor’s _______________.
morphology
26
How many new cases of kidney cancer are there each year?
Is it increasing or decreasing?
51,000
Increasing
27
How many deaths from kidney cancer each year?
12,900
28
What is a cause of kidney disease?
von Hippel-Lindau disease (Hereditary condition)
29
Symptoms of kidney cancer? (6)
Asymptomatic
Hematuria (Blood in urine)
Pain
Mass
Fatigue
Weight loss
30
What is the treatment of choice for kidney cancer?
Surgery
31
Radiation dose range for kidney cancer?
4500-5000 cGy
32
How many new cases of bladder cancer per year?
6700
33
How many deaths from bladder cancer each year?
1,375
34
Symptoms of bladder cancer? (2)
Hematuria
Change in bladder habits
35
percentage of metastasis in kidney cancer?
25-35%
36
Dose for bladder cancer?
4500-5000 cGy
37
How many new cases of ureter cancer each year?
2500
38
Deaths from ureter cancer each year?
690
39
Risk factors for ureter cancer? (2)
Smoking
Occupational exposures
40
Symptoms of ureter cancer? (5)
Hematuria
Pain
Mass
Obstruction
Incontinence
41
Type of ureter cancer?
Transitional cell carcinoma
42
New cases of penile cancer each year?
1500
43
Deaths from penile cancer each year?
280
44
Risk factors for penile cancer? (6)
Hygiene, phimosis, and smegma
HPV
Smoking
Psoriasis treatment
AIDS
Circumcision
45
Symptoms for penile cancer? (4)
Skin changes
-Color
-Thickness
Discharge
Ulcer
Swelling
46
Does metastasis for penile cancer occur early or late?
Late
47
Bladder cancer is more common in men than in women.
True
Bladder cancer occurs about four times more often in men than in women
48
Early prostate cancer is asymptomatic.
True
Carcinoma of the prostate can be asymptomatic until reaching a significant size.
49
Hormone therapy can be used as a curative treatment for prostate cancer.
False
Hormone therapy is used in addition to other therapies.
50
Injury to the testicles is a known risk factor for developing a seminoma.
False
51
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting American men.
True
Carcinoma of the prostate is the most common malignancy in males in the United States.
52
PSA is only useful in diagnosing prostate cancer.
False
PSA is also helpful post treatment.
53
Radiation therapy treatments for seminoma include the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes.
False
Patients with stage I testicular seminoma should receive megavoltage irradiation to the paraaortic or para-aortic and ipsilateral pelvic lymph nodes. The primary tumor has been removed and therefore is not in the treatment field.
54
Radiation therapy is typically used as a primary treatment option for cancers of the bladder.
False
Treatment of bladder cancer includes some form of surgical resection.
55
Scrotal irradiation is a commonly accepted practice for testicular cancer.
False
The 1989 Consensus Conference in Leeds, England, recommended that inguinal or scrotal irradiation be omitted even if scrotal interference has occurred.
56
The survival data for external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy are better than surgery for prostate cancer when like groups are compared.
False
Results with both external beam radiation and radiaoisotopic implant are much the same as for surgery if like groups are compared.
57
Topical chemotherapy is often used when treating low staged penile cancers.
True
Bowen disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat can be treated with topical 5-FU (5% cream), a local excision, or superficial x-rays (4500 to 5000 cGy in 4 to 5 weeks).
58
Variations in rectal fullness have very little effect on the daily position of the prostate.
False
Exact prostate positions varies daily due to a number of factors including rectal fullness.
59
What is the number one cancer incidence for males in the US?
prostate cancer
60
Prostate cancer is ___ in mortality in the US
second in mortality
lung first
61
Who presents later stage and have worse prognosis than caucasians?
african americans
62
Overall prostate cancer is a ____ growing malignancy
slow
63
What is the average age of onset for prostate?
60 years
64
What are side effects of a box field technique?
cystitis, proctitis, diarrhea, dysuria
65
What does a full bladder do?
decreases bladder dose and displaces small bowel in lateral fields
66
What male cancer has a low occurrence but is the most common male cancer for 15 to 35 year old males?
Testicular
67
Is testicular cancer more common in Caucasian or african americans?
Caucasian
68
Is Penile cancer common in the US?
no, rare in the US but higher incidence in Asia, Africa, South America
69
What is the age range for penile cancer?
range from 22 to 90
generally a disease of older men
in the US 29% were younger than 30 years old
70
What is etiology for penile cancer?
no circumcision at birth
Phimosis
poor hygiene, smegma
HPV
Ultraviolet radiation
smoking
71
What is the most common pathology of penile cancer?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
72
The most common cancer of germinal origin of the testis is?
seminoma
73
Testicular cancers are most frequently diagnosed in men aged
15 to 35
74
Gleason developed a grading system based on the degree of differentiation seen in tissue samples. His system uses ____ different histologic patterns
5
75
Of the following tumors, which would require the lowest dose to control disease?
testis
76
When irradiating seminoma stages I, IA IB the following nodes should be incldued:
a. paraaortic
b. Ipsilateral iliac
c. mediastinal
d. scalene
a paraaortic and b ipsilateral iliac
77
The most common histologic type found in prostate cancer is
adenocarcinoma
78
Brachytherapy in the management of prostate cancer would be
LDR interstitial
79
The patient complaining of diarrhea should be advised to
avoid high fiber foods
80
The inguinal nodes should be included in RT fields for
penile
81
What is in the urinary system?
kidney and bladder
82
What age is median age of onset of kidney (renal) cancer?
55 to 60 years old
83
Men are affected twice as much w kidney cancer as women?
True
84
Where are bladder cancers more common?
high incidence in industrial cities
85
Men are 2.5 times more likely than women to get bladder cancer?
True
86
What is the median age of bladder cancer?
68
87
What is usually the cause of death in bladder cancer patients?
liver failure and uremia
88
What is cystectomy?
Cystectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the bladder.
89
Which of the following examinations are best used in the detection of bladder cancer?
TURB
Urine cytology
cytoscopy
90
most bladder cancers arise in the
posterior wall
lateral wall
trigone
91
What is TURB
transurethral bladder removal
92
The ureters attach the ____ surface of the bladder
posterolateral
93
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the presence of the
liver
94
The most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer is
hematuria
95
The ureters enter the kidney at the
renal pelvis
96
Urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body via
urethra
97
The most common pathology of malignant tumors of the prostate is
adenocarcinoma
98
Most common type of kidney tumor is:
Transitional cell Carcinoma
99
Cancer with highest incidence rate for males is:
Prostate Cancer
100
Which of the following are common immobilization-repositioning devices used in the treatment of prostate cancer?
I. Polyurethane foam molds
II. Vacuum devices (Vac Locks)
III. Belly Board
I, II, and III
101
For patients with bladder cancer, the bladder should be ________ during whole-bladder radiation.
empty
102
A side effect associated with the treatment of prostate cancer , in which the adult male is unable to obtain an erection, is:
impotence
103
The prostate gland is located _______ to the rectum.
anterior
104
The tumor of the male reproductive and genitourinary system that requires the lowest dose to control the disease is:
seminoma
105
The tumor of the male reproductive and genitourinary system for which a brachytherapy implant is most likely used to control the disease is:
prostate
106