What are the three major processes of memory
Encoding, retention/maintenance, and retrieval
What does rehersal do
Maintains information in short-term memory
Is memory made up of discrete stories according to Craik and Luckheart levels of processing
No
What type of process is encoding information into memory
Dynamic process
What did Craik and Luckheart propose
Memory is a byproduct of the depth that information is processed at
What is maintence rehersal
Rehersal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connection to other information
What type of information does maintenance rehersal have
Low-level, repetitive information recyclying
What does maintenance rehersal involve
Shallow processing and incidental processing
What is elaborative rehersal
Rehersal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge
What does elaborative rehersal use to remember information
The meaning of the information to store and remember
What does elaborative rehersal involve
Deep processing, semantive processing, intentional learning
What does elaborative rehersal lead to
Better memory recall
What is levels of processing theory
The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow
Is the levels-of-processing effect generalizable
Yes
What are the limitations to the levels-of-processing effect
Difficulty defining the depth of processing, processing of different levels can occur simultaneously, and does not always lead to better memory preformance
Where/when are levels-of processing effect found
Across numerous encoding tasks, on both recognition and recall tests, and regardless of whether participants expect a final test
What are types of coding
Visual coding, auditory coding, and semantic coding
What is duel code hypothesis
Imagined words can be encoded into memory twice
What types of code are involved in duel code hypothesis
Verbal code and image code
Who is paired associated learning associated with
Bower and Winzenz
What is organization
The structure or restructuring of information stored in memory
What is self-reference effect
Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self
What is active learning
Relating class material to one’s life
What is generation effect
Memory for material is better when a person generates the material themself rather than passively recieving it
