What is reasoning
The process of drawing conclusions
Reasoning does what
Start with information/premise in order to draw conclusions
What do conclusions do
Go beyond the information
What are the two different types of reasoning
Inductive reasoning: Reasoning based on observations, examples, or patterns to arrive at a conclusions
Deductive reasoning: Reasoning based on facts, rules, defintions, or properties to arrive at a conclusion
What are the inductive reasoning factors
Representativeness (How likely it is that one’s observation generalizes), number of observations (How replicable are one’s observations), and quality of evidence (how valid are one’s observations)
What is deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning’s relationship to general principles and special cases
Deductive reasoning: Applies from general principle to special case
Inductive reasoning: Applies special case to general principle
What are heuristics
Informal strategy/approach that works under some circumstances
Are heuristics guaranteed to yeild the correct answer
No
What advantage and disadvantage is there to heuristics
Saves resources at the cost of accuracy leading to fast decision making and can be misleading leading to inaccurate results
What is availability heuristic
What comes to one’s mind easily which is assumed to be more likely
What is the illusory correlation of the availability heuristic
The strength of associative bond (strong association if events co-occur frequently)
The illusory correlation of the availability heuristic is extremly resistent to what
Contradictory information
The illusory correlation of the availability heuristic has bias in what
The judgment of the frequency with which two events co-occur
What is representativeness heuristic
Estimating the probability based on the mental prototype
In representativeness heuristic what items are assumed to be more likely
Items that resemble expectations
Representativeness heuristic has a tendency to what
Ignore probability and attend to features that align with representations
Representativeness heuristic makes judgments based on what
The characteristics that resemble certain categories or classes
What is deductive reasoning
A general statement or hypothesis that leads to reaching a specific conclusion
A conclusion reached from deductive reasoning logically follows what
Premises
Deductive reasoning involves sequences of what
Statements called syllogisms
Syllogisms consist of what
Three statements, first two statements (premises) are taken to be true (accept them as given), thrid statment is the correlation based on the first two statements
What are the two types of syllogism
Categorical syllogism and conditional syllogism
What is the difference between validity and soundness (truth)
Validity depends on the form of syllogism, which determines whether the conclusion follows the two premises while soundness (truth) refers to the content of the premises, which have to be evaluated to determine whether they are consistent with the facts
What was the finding in Evans, Barston, & Pollad (1983)
When one judges validity (whether it is logical or not) they make errors
