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board review part 1 > Chem: Carbs > Flashcards

Chem: Carbs Flashcards

1
Q

__ kcal/g

A

4 “fuel factor”

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2
Q

glycogen is storage form of??

A

carbs incytosol

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3
Q

Ketone?

A

multiple hydroxy groups

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4
Q

energy storage ?

A

coenzymes, RNA, DNA

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5
Q

Levoratory configuration of asymmetric carbon farthest from keto group

A

OH on the left

Levo=Left

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6
Q

Dextrorotatory configuration of asymmetric carbon farthest from keto group

A

OH on the Right

Dextro=Right

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7
Q

simple carb??

A

sugars with 1 or 2 single sugars

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8
Q

complex carb??

A

many sugar units

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9
Q

sorbitol is??

A

sugar alcohol from glu & converted into fru

found: berries, cherries, plums, pears
used: to make sweeteners- excess can cause diarrhea

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10
Q

polysaccharides??

A

complex CHO’s made of many single sugar units

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11
Q

oxidation means?

A

increasing positive charge or loss of negative charges

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12
Q

reduction means??

A

additionof hydrogen

gain of electrons

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13
Q

OIL RIG

A

oxidized is lost

reduced is gain

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14
Q

prebiotic in vivo=

A

fructans

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15
Q

10 grams = how many kcal?

A

40kcal

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16
Q

what hormones raise blood glucose?

A 
glucagon
EPI
glucocorticoids
thyroxine
GH
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17
Q

catabolic pathways?

A

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

catabolic pathways depend on?

A

conc. of ATP, ADP, & AMP
- if ATP is high, then the pathways are low\
- if ATP is low then the pathways are activated

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19
Q

CHO bonds are__?

A 
glycosidic
alpha-digestible
beta-indigestible
straight chain-1-4
branched chain 1-6
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20
Q

monosaccharides ex:

A

glucose; 6 carbons; Aldose; dextrose, corn syrup
Fructose; 6 carbons; Ketose; fruits, honey
Ribose; 5 carbons; Aldose; nucleic acids
Sorbitol; fruits, honey
Mannitol; pineapples, olives, sweet potatoes

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21
Q

Disaccharides & oligosaccharide ex:

A

Maltose; alpha1-4; glu + glu
lactose; beta1-4; glu + gal
sucrose; a-b 1-2; glu + fru
trehalose; alpha 1-6; isomaltose; mushrooms, yeast

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22
Q

polysaccharides ex:

A

cellulose; b1-4; fiber
amylose (linear); a1-4; plant starch
amylopectin; a1-4>a1-6; plant starch; branch every 24-30 glu
glycogen; a1-4>a1-6; animal strach; branch every 8-12 glu

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23
Q

non-cellulose polysaccharides

A

abosrb water, swell, slow emptying of food mass
bind bile acids to chol.
sources: hemicelluose, pectins, gums, mucilages, algal (seaweed)

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24
Q

ligin?

A

only non-carb type of dietary fiber (from woody part of plant)

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25
Q

carbs are digested in?

A

mouth-ptyalin starch>dextrins>maltose
none in stomach
SI breaks down carbs using enzymes: sucrase, lactase, maltase etc.

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26
Q

most abundant GAG?

A

chondroitin

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27
Q

Glut 2=

A

liver, kidney, beta cells

transports are coupled with sodium

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28
Q

Glut 4=

A

adipose, skeletal, cardiac

sensitive to insulin

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29
Q

Glut 5=

A

fru absorption; brushborder

30
Q

prtoeoglycan=

A

protein core, repeating disaccharide

31
Q

SGLT 1=

SGLT 2=

A

glu & gal absorption in intestines

kidneys

32
Q

carboxylation=

A

carboxyl group is added

carboxylase catlyzes the addition

33
Q

kinase is?

A

enzyme that transfers a phosphate group

34
Q

isomerase does?

A

changes the configuration but not the composition of a compound

35
Q

mutase does?

A

moves one group to another part in the same chemical compound

36
Q

transferase does?

A

catalyzes the transfer of a functional from one molecule to another

37
Q

ligase?

A

catalyzes the joining of two molecules

38
Q

VMAX refers to?

A

the maximum velocity of a reaction

39
Q

Kmax ?

A

substrate conc required to reach 1/2 of the Vmax

40
Q

competitive inhibition is?

A

inhibitor binds to the same active site as a normal enzyme w/o undergoing a reaction.
reversible. Vmax will not change

41
Q

non-competitive inhibition?

A

inhibitor always bind to a site other than the enzymes active site. is irreversible.
reduces Vmax

42
Q

allosteric regulation?

A

enzymes activity is regulated by binding an effector molecule at the enzymes allosteric site

43
Q

allosteric activators?

A

effectors that enhance the proteins activity

44
Q

allosteric inhibitors?

A

decrease protein activity

45
Q

catabolism results in?

A

heat generation
ATP synthesis
it is a degradative process that breaks down large molecules into smaller units, releasing useful energy

46
Q

Anabolism is?

A

biosynthetic process that constructs large molecules from smaller units- requires energy

47
Q

peptide bond is?

A

covalent bond
carboxyl reacts to amino group of another molecule
releases a water molecule (dehydration or condensation reaction)

48
Q

ester bond is the chemical covalent bond between ?

A

glycerol and FA

49
Q

phosphodiester is?

A

chemical bond bwn two nucleotides

50
Q

FA oxidation, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation occur in?

A

mitchondria

51
Q

glycolysis, FA synthesis, HMP shunt & protein synthesis occur in?

A

cytoplasm

52
Q

heme synthesis, urea & gluconeogensis occur in?

A

both mitochondria & cytoplasm

53
Q

rate limiting step of: glycolysis

A

PFK** Most important**

54
Q

rate limiting step of: gluconeogenesis`

A

fru 1,6 bisphospahtase

55
Q

rate limiting step of: TCA cycle (krebs)

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

56
Q

rate limiting step of: glycogen synthesis

A

glycogen synthase

57
Q

rate limiting step of: glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

58
Q

rate limiting step of: HMP shunt

A

G6PD

59
Q

rate limiting step of: urea cycle

A

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

60
Q

rate limiting step of: FA synthesis

A

acetyl co-a carboxylase

61
Q

rate limiting step of: FA oxidation

A

carnitine acyltransferase

62
Q

rate limiting step of: chol. synthesis

A

HMG co-A reductase

63
Q

GLUT 1=

A

RBC, brain, placenta, testis

64
Q

GLUT 3=

A

neurons

65
Q

4 possible fates of pyruvate

A

ocidation
reduction
carboxylation
transamination

66
Q

Krebs cycle has 8 steps:

A 
Citrate
Isocitrate
Ketoglutarate
Succinyl Co-A
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
"Can I keep Selling Sex For Money Officer?"
67
Q

Glycolysis has 10 steps:

2 phases

A 
prep phase:
1. GLU>G6P
2. G6P>F6P
3. F6P>F1,6BP
4. F1,6BP>G3P & (DHAP)
5. DHAP>G3P
Pay off Phase:
6. G3P> 1,3BP
7. 1,3BP> 3 phosphoglycerate
8. 3pg>2pg
9. 2pg> phosphoenolpyruvate
10. phosphoenolpyruvate>pyruvate
68
Q

Gluconeogensis is?

A

glycolysis in reverse

Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose

69
Q

what is produced in Krebs?

A

2 ATP
2 NADH+H= 6ATP
2Pyruvate to acetyl co-a= 6ATP
Acetyl co-a to Oxaloacetate= 24ATP

total: 38 ATP

70
Q

purpose of pentose phopshate pathway (HMP shunt)

A

fatty acid synthesis
detoxification
protection from free radicals

board review part 1 (30 decks)

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