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Question 1

What causes muscle soreness?

Answer 1

Structural damage to muscle tissue from moderate to heavy activity, leading to swelling and pain.

Question 2

What is acute muscle soreness?

Answer 2

Pain during or immediately after exercise.

Question 3

What is delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

Answer 3

Pain that begins ~12 hrs after exercise, worsens 24–48 hrs, and lasts several days.

Question 4

Signs/symptoms of muscle soreness?

Answer 4

Diffuse pain/tenderness, ↓ ROM & strength, no obvious swelling, no deformity, possible muscle tightness/guarding.

Question 5

What treatments are used for muscle soreness/DOMS?

Answer 5

Light stretching, light activity, massage, foam rolling, NSAIDs, electrical stimulation.

Question 6

Which type of contraction is most associated with DOMS?

Answer 6

Eccentric contractions.

Question 7

What is a concentric contraction?

Answer 7

Muscle shortens during contraction.

Question 8

What is an eccentric contraction?

Answer 8

Muscle lengthens during contraction (e.g., “negatives”).

Question 9

What is a contusion?

Answer 9

An acute injury caused by direct compression/impact.

Question 10

Signs/symptoms of contusions?

Answer 10

Pain, swelling, tenderness, discoloration, ↓ ROM, possible hematoma.

Question 11

What type of tissue load causes contusions?

Answer 11

Compressive force.

Question 12

Treatment for contusions?

Answer 12

RICE, padding, light stretching, monitor for complications.

Question 13

Define a fracture.

Answer 13

Acute injury causing discontinuity of bone.

Question 14

Causes of fractures?

Answer 14

External or internal force (trauma, stress, contraction).

Question 15

Signs/symptoms of fractures?

Answer 15

Pain/TTP, rapid swelling, deformity, crepitus, inability to use limb, possible pop.

Question 16

What are common special tests for fractures?

Answer 16

Squeeze, percussion/tap, fulcrum, axial compression, tuning fork.

Question 17

What imaging confirms fractures?

Answer 17

X-ray, CT, MRI.

Question 18

Define a closed fracture.

Answer 18

Bone breaks without piercing the skin.

Question 19

Define an open fracture.

Answer 19

Bone pierces skin, creating open wound.

Question 20

Define an avulsion fracture.

Answer 20

A tendon or ligament pulls a piece of bone away.

Question 21

Define a greenstick fracture.

Answer 21

Incomplete break in bones not fully ossified (common in adolescents).

Question 22

What are growth plates called?

Answer 22

Epiphyseal plates.

Question 23

What classification system is used for growth plate fractures?

Answer 23

Salter–Harris classification.

Question 24

General fracture management principles?

Answer 24

Control bleeding, cover wounds, immobilize above & below, splint in position found, monitor ABCs, check distal pulses.

Question 25

What is a dislocation (luxation)?

Answer 25

Acute injury where a bone is displaced from its joint.

Question 26

Signs/symptoms of dislocation?

Answer 26

Pain, deformity, swelling, diffuse tenderness, muscle spasm, pop felt, inability to use limb.

Question 27

How are dislocations treated initially?

Answer 27

Immobilize, refer, do NOT reduce unless trained, check for shock, get X-ray.

Question 28

What is a subluxation?

Answer 28

A partial dislocation that reduces itself spontaneously.

Question 29

Signs/symptoms of subluxation?

Answer 29

Pain, swelling, tenderness, spasm, ↓ function, pop felt, NO deformity.

Question 30

What can recurrent dislocations or subluxations lead to?

Answer 30

Ligamentous laxity and muscle weakness.