Digestive System (lecture)

Question 1

What is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 1

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination

Question 2

What is the purpose of ingestion and digestion?

Answer 2

Break down food to absorbable units. E.g. proteins to amino acids

Question 3

What are accessory organs of the digestive system?

Answer 3

• liver
• pancreas
• gall bladder

Question 4

Describe the oral cavity

Answer 4

• NKSSET -> protects from abrasion
• contains tongue -> skeletal muscle
• contains salivary glands -> produce saliva

Question 5

What are the three types of salivary gland?

Answer 5

• parotid
• sublingual
• submandibular

Question 6

What is the function of saliva?

Answer 6

1. Lysozyme -> kills bacteria
2. Lubricate food
3. Amylase -> breaks down starch

Question 7

How many teeth do humans have?

Answer 7

20 deciduous (baby)
32 permanent

Question 8

What are the different types of permanent teeth?

Answer 8

• 8 incisors=cut/bite
• 4 canines=tear
• 8 bicuspids (premolars)=chew
• 12 molars=chew
  
  • last set are wisdom teeth
  • impacted wisdom teeth are removed

Question 9

What is peristalsis?

Answer 9

Rhythmic wave, one-directional movement

Question 10

Describe the esophagus

Answer 10

• NKSSET
• Adventitia (no serosa)
• Muscularis externa:
  
  • skeletal muscle: top 1/3
  • transition: middle 1/3
  • smooth muscle: bottom 1/3

Question 11

What is esophageal hiatus?

Answer 11

Hole in the diaphragm esophagus goes through

Question 12

What is the function of the stomach?

Answer 12

1. store food
2. mechanical digestion
3. chemical digestion
4. low pH to kill bacteria

Question 13

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 13

controls what enters the GI tract

Question 14

Cardiac sphincter

Answer 14

“false sphincter”

Question 15

Rugae

Answer 15

folds of the stomach (allows stomach to stretch)

Question 16

What is gastric ulcer?

Answer 16

• ET necrosis revealing CT
• Sx: N/V, hematochezia, hematemesis, dyspnea
• Tx: antibiotics and antacids

Question 17

What is hiatal hernia?

Answer 17

• elastic fibers of the esophagus weaken
• Sx: acid reflux,
• Tx: medication, minor surgery

Question 18

Structures of the small intestine

Answer 18

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 19

Duodenum functions

Answer 19

• neutralize stomach acid through bicarbonate from the pancreas
• receives secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
  
  • bile from the liver and gall bladder
  • bicarbonate and digestive enzymes from the pancreas
• secretions from the sphincter of Oddi

Question 20

Jejunum functions

Answer 20

site for majority of absorption

Question 21

Ileum functions

Answer 21

majority of absorption
- lots of blood vessels and lymphocytes

Question 22

Large intestine functions

Answer 22

1. store feces
2. absorb water
3. lots of bacteria

Question 23

Taenia Coli functions

Answer 23

• ribbons of muscle along the large intestine that facilitate peristalsis and help form structures known as Haustra which aid in water and electrolyte absorption

Question 24

Cecum structures

Answer 24

Ileocecal Valve
- controls flow of digested material between the SI and LI

Appendix
- contains lots of bacteria

Question 25

Name the structures of the Large intestine

Answer 25

Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum

Question 26

Sigmoid colon functions

Answer 26

- store feces - Levator Ani muscle -> allows control of bowel movement

Question 27

What is appendicitis?

Answer 27

- Inflammation of the appendix that closes off opening from the overproliferation of bacteria - can progress to burst appendix, which releases bacteria into peritoneal fluid (peritonitis)

Question 28

What is diverticulitis?

Answer 28

Pouches on the outsides of colon (diverticulum) that can become inflamed.

Question 29

What is colitis?

Answer 29

umbrella term that is used to describe diseases that cause colon inflammation

Question 30

Colon cancer

Answer 30

- polyps - becoming number one cause of cancer deaths Dx: 1) colonoscopy -> Biopsy 2) Stool sample

Question 30

Liver functions

Answer 30

- makes bile to emulsify fat (breaks up into smaller pieces) - breaks down toxins and drugs - removes and destroys old RBCs - makes all blood proteins (except antibodies)

Question 31

What is the falciform ligament; liver?

Answer 31

Thin, crescent-shaped sheet of connective tissue that attaches part of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm

Question 32

Describe the pathway of bile

Answer 32

1. From L & R lobe of liver (combine to common hepatic duct) 2. Gallbladder (store bile). -> cystic duct 3. Common bile duct -> released into duodenum

Question 33

What are gallstones?

Answer 33

- Concentrated bile that forms stones. - prevention: male < 30 yo

Question 34

What is jaundice?

Answer 34

- yellowing of skin, mucus membranes, and sclera due to excess buildup of bilirubin, a yellowish compound that is the byproduct of blood breaking down. It is also a component of bile. - common in newborns because the liver is unable to keep up with blood breakdown - Tx: phototherapy

Question 35

What is cirrhosis?

Answer 35

- Scar tissue formed on the liver Sx: jaundice Tx: liver transplant