ANAT 231 > Nervous System (Lecture) > Flashcards

Nervous System (Lecture) Flashcards

(82 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Define function of the nervous system

A
  1. Respond to internal and external stimuli
  2. Coordination
  3. Higher functioning (learning, behavior, memory, etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Central Nervous system components

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Components of peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves and receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neuron function

A
  1. Receive signal
    2. Transmit signal
    3. Send signal (affect another cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • layers of plasma membrane wrapped around axon
  • glial cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe saltatory conduction

A

Action potential jumps between nodes of ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are glial cells (glia) and what are the different types?

A

Supporting cells for neurons

  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann cells
  3. Astrocytes
  4. Microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe oligodendrocytes

A
  • make myelin sheath in the CNS
  • Myelinates multiple regions of multiple neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Autoimmune disease that damages oligodendrocytes which results in the loss of myelin sheath of neurons
  • degenerative disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Schwann cells

A
  • make myelin sheath in the PNS
  • myelinates one region of one neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A
  • autoimmune disease that attacks Schwann cells which disrupts myelin sheath production of peripheral nerves
  • reversible, non-degenerative disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define astrocytes

A

Acts as blood-brain barrier (filters anything going from the blood to neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Microglia

A

Macrophages in brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define gray matter (CNS)

A
  • cell bodies, dendrites, etc.
  • information processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

White matter (CNS)

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • signal transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nerves

A

collection of axons (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tract

A

Collection of axons (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ganglion (Ganglia)

A

Cell bodies (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell bodies (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Collection of Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • Afferent neurons
  • Carry info to CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Interneurons

A
  • association neurons
  • neurons in CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • Efferent Neurons
  • leave CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the Brain

A
  • Localization of function -> coordinated and integrated function
  • contralateral function
    • R & L hemispheres
      - Connected by Corpus
      callosum
      - Divided by longitudinal
      fissure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the cerebrum
- higher level functioning - cerebral cortex (gray matter) - gyrus sulcus - folds and grooves in brain
26
Significant gyri of frontal lobe
- separated by central sulcus - Gyrus (I) - Precentral (primary motor cortex) - postcentral (primary somato-sensory cortex)
27
What makes up the diencephalon?
1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus
28
Describe the thalamus
- Relay center (sensory information, except smell) - Many nuclei
29
Describe the hypothalamus
- controls endocrine system through the pituitary gland - Controls autonomic nervous system
30
Describe the epithalamus
- pineal gland (circadian rhythm regulation through release of melatonin)
31
Primary somatosensory cortex
- post central gyrus - somatosensory association area (parietal lobe)
32
Primary visual cortex
primary visual association area
33
Primary auditory cortex
primary association area
34
Broca's area function
makes speech
35
Wernicke's area function
comprehend speech
36
Primary motor cortex
primary motor association area
37
What structures make up the brain stem?
- midbrain - pons - medulla oblongata
38
Midbrain
- visual and auditory reflexes - corpura quadrigemina - superior colliculi (visual) - Inferior colliculi (auditory)
39
Pons
nuclei for cranial nerves
40
Medulla oblongata
- controls muscles of breathing - reticular activating system (how awake you are. acted on by melatonin) - Ex: TBI induced encephalopathy pushes on medulla oblongata leading to coma
41
Cerebellum
- coordinates movement with basal ganglia through proprioceptors found in joints, tendons, and muscles - the basal ganglia ensures smooth movement
42
What is affected by the limbic system?
1. smell 2. emotions 3. behavior 4. planning 5. memory 6. control physiological function They are all affected by pheromones Smell is received by the olfactory bulb
43
Frontal lobe
- prefrontal lobe -> higher level function, behavior emotions
44
Hippocampus
Converts short term memory to long term memory
45
What is dementia?
- Brain degeneration - thinking, memory, and control of body all degrade - muscular problems - personality changes - fatal
46
Alzheimers
- type of dementia where beta-amyloid plaques are present
47
Lewy body dementia
- type of dementia where lewy bodies are present (plaques of lewy protein)
48
Vascular dementia
TIA
49
Dementia Secondary to Trauma
- most common in athletes - concussions (significant damage to brain causing syncope) - CTE
50
Spinal cord
Comes off medulla oblongata, exits foramen magnum to L1 and L2 vertebrae
51
two types of Spinal Tracts
Ascending pathway and descending pathway
52
Ascending pathway; spinal tract
1. Dorsal column pathway - somatic senses - sends signal to thalamus to postcentral gyrus 2. Spinocerebellar tract - from proprioceptors - send signal to cerebellum
53
Descending Tract; spinal tract
1. corticospinal tract - from pre-central gyrus 2. vestibulospinal tract - from basal ganglia
54
Falx cerebri
large, crescent-shaped fold of dura mater that descends vertically into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres
55
Superior Sagittal Sinus
All sinuses drain into internal jugular
56
Arachnoid Villus
Drain CSF into SSS
57
What is cerebrospinal fluid
1. Allows brain to float (decrease weight of brain and maintain shape) 2. Cushions brain 3. Drains fluid from CNS (no lymphatic system)
58
Describe CSF circulation
1. Made in choroid plexus 2. Fills and travels through ventricles 3. central canal of spinal cord 4. subarachnoid space 5. arachnoid villi 6. Supra Sagittal Sinus
59
Describe travel of CSF through ventricles
2nd lateral ventricles -> 3rd lateral ventricles -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> central canal of spinal cord
60
Hydrocephalus
- blockage in cerebral aqueduct (congenital or tumor) - massive brain damage - fatality risk lower in Peds because of incomplete skull formation Tx: - remove blockage - shunt placed to remove excess fluid
61
Meningitis
- meninges inflammation; can result in encephalitis Dx: Lumbar puncture Initial Sx: headache w/ stiff neck Tx: medication
62
Subdural Hemorrhage
- from trauma - ICP increases pressure on brain Tx: Drain blood
63
Epidural Injection
- Epidural space lower than spinal cord - local anesthetic
64
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Elevated BGL
65
Shingles
- Dormant in dorsal root ganglion Dx: striated rash
66
Compare Sympathetic and Parasympathetic functions
Sympathetic - fight/flight - increased HR & RR - slow digestion dilate pupils Parasympathetic - rest and digest - decreased HR and RR - speed digestion - constrict pupils
67
Referred Pain
Pain felt from organs felt somewhere else due to innervation
68
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Inflammation of trigeminal nerve (CN V) causing it to get pinched in foramen of the skull
69
Bells Palsy
Inflammation of Facial nerves (CN VII) causing loss of function in facial movement
70
Dermatomes
Region of skin innervated by single spinal nerve
71
CN I
Olfactory Nerve Sensory nerve for smell
72
CN II
Optic Nerve Sensory nerve for vision (from retina)
73
CN III
Oculomotor nerve Motor nerve to 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles Parasympathetic nerve to iris and ciliary body
74
CN IV
Trochlear Nerve Motor nerve to 1 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles
75
CN V
V_1 Ophthalmic branch - Sensory nerve (touch, pain, etc.) from upper third of face V_2 Maxillary Branch - Sensory nerve from middle third of face and upper teeth V_3 Mandibular Branch - sensory nerve from lower third of face and lower teeth - motor nerve to muscles of mastication
76
CN VI
Abducens Nerve - Motor nerve to 1 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles
77
CN VII
Facial Nerve - Sensory Nerve for taste (from taste buds) - Motor nerve to muscles of facial expression - Parasympathetic nerves to lacrimal, nasal, and most salivary glands
78
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear Nerve - sensory nerve for hearing and balance (from Inner ear)
79
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal Nerve - sensory nerve from posterior tongue (touch, pain, etc.), pharynx, and some taste buds - motor nerve to muscles involved in swallowing - Parasympathetic nerve to one salivary gland
80
CN X
Vagus Nerve - Sensory nerve from thoracic and abdominal organs - parasympathetic nerve to thoracic and abdominal organs
81
CN XI
Accessory Nerve - Motor Nerve to muscles of larynx and pharynx, trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid
82
CN XII
Hypoglossal Nerve - Motor nerve to muscle of the tongue
ANAT 231
flashcards
Decks in class (41)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions