Reproductive System (lecture)

Question 1

Male reproductive system function

Answer 1

• produce sperm
• deliver sperm
• secondary sex characteristics (testosterone)

Question 2

Anatomy of testis

Answer 2

• capsule
• seminiferous tubules
• epididymis

Question 3

Testis capsule

Answer 3

• DICT
• outside of testes

Question 4

Seminiferous tubules

Answer 4

• SCET
• production of sperm
• contains developing spermatids
• sustentacular cells: “sustain” spermatids
• interstitial cells: make testosterone

Question 5

Epididymis

Answer 5

storage site of sperm (20 days to mature)
- increased motility

Question 6

Head of sperm

Answer 6

contains:
- acrosome: contain acrosomal enzymes to penetrate egg
- nucleus: contain one copy of DNA

Question 7

Midpiece of sperm

Answer 7

contains mitochondria for ATP production to power movement

Question 8

Tail of sperm

Answer 8

• single flagellum
• motility

Question 9

Descent of testes

Answer 9

• gubernaculum: ligament that pulls testes at 8-9 month fetus

Question 10

Undescended testes

Answer 10

can result in infertility
Tx: laparoscopic surgery

Question 11

What is the spermatic cord and what are its structures?

Answer 11

Travels through inguinal cavity
1. Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
2. cremaster muscles
3. Testicular artery
4. testicular vein
5. lymphatic vessels
6. nerves

Question 12

Describe testicular vein

Answer 12

contains pampiniform plexus which cools arterial blood

Question 13

Cremaster muscles function

Answer 13

Contains smooth muscles
Controls location of testes

Question 14

What is an inguinal hernia?

Answer 14

• when small intestine goes through inguinal canal
• most common during exercise
  Tx: surgery

Question 15

What is testicular torsion?

Answer 15

• testes inside scrotum twists on spermatic cord
• cause: sudden change in temperature combined with movement
  Tx: surgical unwinding

Question 16

What is variocele?

Answer 16

• varicose veins in pampiniform plexus
• veins unable to cool blood in artery
• number one cause of male infertility

Question 17

What is testicular cancer?

Answer 17

• most common cancer for males in their 20’s
• not very fatal; highly diagnosable

Question 18

Vas Deferens

Answer 18

• leads from epididymis to prostate
• only filled during ejaculation
• vasectomy: male tubes tied

Question 19

Describe the pathway of sperm

Answer 19

Question 20

What are the glands of the male reproductive system?

Answer 20

1. seminal vesicle
2. prostate gland
3. bulbourethral gland

Question 21

Seminal vesicle functions

Answer 21

• produce seminal fluid (60% of semen)
• fructose - feeds sperm (make atp)
• prostaglandins: uterine contractions
• fibrinogen: coagulate semen

Question 22

Prostate gland functions

Answer 22

• make prostate fluid (40% of semen)
• zinc: neutralize vaginal acidity
• prostate-specific antigen (PSA): liquify semen to allow sperm to swim

Question 23

Bulbourethral gland functions

Answer 23

Lubricates urethra prior to ejaculation

Question 24

What is an enlarged prostate?

Answer 24

• prostate always grows
• dysuria: enlarged prostate compresses urethra

Question 25

Prostate cancer

Answer 25

- common because prostate is always growing - slow growing tumor

Question 26

What structures make up the erectile body of the penis?

Answer 26

1. corpus cavernosum 2. corpus spongiosum - contains spongy urethra

Question 27

Broken penis

Answer 27

- capsule breaks and blood leaks - DICT takes longer to heal Tx: Drain blood, cast placement

Question 28

Female reproductive system functions

Answer 28

1. egg maturation and ovulation 2. gestation 3. childbirth 4. breastfeeding 5. maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 29

Function of ovaries

Answer 29

produce eggs and hormones (estrogen, progesterone)

Question 30

Describe the layers of the ovary

Answer 30

Question 31

Describe Oogenesis (ovarian cycle)

Answer 31

Woman born with 450,000 primordial follicles

Question 32

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

Answer 32

Releases estrogen and progesterone to maintain lining of uterus

Question 33

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?

Answer 33

It dies and becomes corpus albicans

Question 34

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is a pregnancy?

Answer 34

Stays for the whole pregnancy

Question 35

How do fraternal twins occur?

Answer 35

Two eggs are released during ovulation and are fertilized by two different sperm

Question 36

How do identical twins occur?

Answer 36

One egg is released and fertilized by a single sperm, but fertilized cell divides

Question 37

Fallopian tube functions

Answer 37

- Pseudostratified Columnar ET w/ cilia - where fertilization occurs (distal 1/3 of tube)

Question 38

Whate are the finger like structures at the end of fallopian tubes?

Answer 38

fimbriae

Question 39

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 39

1. Tubal pregnancy - stick to the fallopian tube during pregnancy 2. Peritoneal pregnancy - fertilization occurs in the peritoneal cavity Both 100% fatal without intervention

Question 40

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

Answer 40

- umbrella term for inflammation of pelvic cavity - Sx: Abdominal pain, scar tissue

Question 41

What is the process in which a female gets her "tubes tied" as a method of birth control?

Answer 41

Tubal ligation

Question 42

Describe the menstrual cycle

Answer 42

Day 1: - first day of menstruation - stratum functionale sheds Day 7: Grafian follicle releasing estrogen to start building stratum functionale Day 14: - LH produced by PG to induce ovulation - corpus luteum secretes progesterone to continue building stratum functionale Day 28: Corpus luteum dies. Hormone levels drop. Stratum functionale sheds

Question 43

What are uterine fibroids?

Answer 43

- lumps of hard CT in uterus - idiopathic - extremely painful - leading cause of infertility in women - number one cause of hysterectomy

Question 44

What is endometriosis?

Answer 44

- endometrial cells in peritoneal cavity Sx: severe abdominal pain correlated to menstrual cycle

Question 45

Cervical cancer

Answer 45

- correlated with HPV. (Tx: gardisal vaccine)

Question 46

Describe the vagina

Answer 46

- muscular tube (NKSSET) - Fx: intercourse and childbirth - low pH to protect from infection

Question 47

What is the vestibule of the vagina?

Answer 47

Space between labia minora - contains external urethral and vaginal orfices

Question 48

What are vestibular glands?

Answer 48

Bulbourethral gland Release lubricant during sex.

Question 49

What is the female equivalent of the scrotum?

Answer 49

Labia majora

Question 50

What is the female equivalent of the corpura cavernosa (erectile tissues)

Answer 50

Labia minora

Question 51

What is the female equivalent of the glans penis?

Answer 51

Clitoris

Question 52

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor, and what is its function?

Answer 52

Fx: hold organs in place 1. bulbospongiosus muscle 2. levator ani muscle 3. external anal sphincter 4. urogenital diaphragm 5. central tendon; perineum

Question 53

What muscles are outlined in green?

Answer 53

bulbospongiosus muscle - part of urethral sphincter

Question 54

What muscles are outlined in orange?

Answer 54

Levator ani muscle - lifts sigmoid colon during defecation

Question 55

What muscles are outlined in dark blue?

Answer 55

external anal sphincter

Question 56

What muscles are outlined in light blue?

Answer 56

urogenital diaphragm - urethral sphincter

Question 57

What structures are outlined in purple?

Answer 57

Central tendon; perineum - connects all pelvic floor muscles

Question 58

How can you strengthen your pelvic floor muscles?

Answer 58

Kegel exercises

Question 59

What is an episiotomy?

Answer 59

surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall performed during the second stage of labor to quickly enlarge the aperture allowing the baby to pass through

Question 60

What is a prolapsed uterus?

Answer 60

- most common from multiple childbirths