Urinary System (lecture)

Question 1

What are the organs of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 2

What is the function of the kidney?

Answer 2

• filters blood to create urine (water, wastes, ions, etc)
• regulates ion concentration of blood pH
• regulates BP
  retroperitoneal

Question 3

What are the blood vessels of the kidneys, and describe blood flow through them?

Answer 3

Question 4

What are podocytes?

Answer 4

• Located in the Bowman’s capsule of the glomerulus. They wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus.
• vital for the proper functioning of the kidney’s filtration system. Damage or loss of podocytes can lead to proteinuria, a sign of kidney damage or disease

Question 5

What are glomerulus?

Answer 5

• SSET
• fenestrated capillaries
• plasma flows through slits
• cells shouldn’t pass (e.g. platelets/proteins)

Question 6

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Answer 6

• SCET w/ microvilli -> increases surface area for reabsorption. (where glucose returns)

Question 7

Loop of Henle

Answer 7

• Descending limb - SSET
• Where water returns
• Ascending limb - SCET

Question 8

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 8

• SCET
• absorption and secretion (hormones for water retention and blood pressure)

Question 9

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 9

• excess protein in blood, clogging filtration functions
• i.e. infection
• rhabdomyolysis (muscle damage)

Question 10

What are kidney stones?

Answer 10

• calcified crystals blocking kidney
• risk factor: dehydration
• Tx: lithotripsy
  Stent placement
  surgical removal

Question 11

What is polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 11

• fluid filled sac formed on kidneys
• congenital
• Tx: kidney transplant

Question 12

What is hemodialysis?

Answer 12

Tx for any kidney disease. Artificial blood filtration

Question 13

What is peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 13

Fills peritoneal cavity with specialized fluid to diffuse waste from blood and is drained

Question 14

Ureter layers

Answer 14

• transitional ET that allows for stretch
• lamina propria
• submucosa
• muscularis external (circular and longitudinal layers mixed. allows for peristalsis)
• adventitia

Question 15

Urinary bladder and its layers

Answer 15

• base is flat and triangular (trigone: typical location of bladder infection. likely result of UTI)
• transitional ET (w/ rugae)
• lamina propria
• submucosa
• detrusor muscle (thick muscular externa) (smooth muscle)
• adventitia

Question 16

Urethra

Answer 16

• urethral sphincter: - internal (smooth muscle)
  - external (skeletal muscle)
  same structure as anal sphincter