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intro to development Flashcards

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1
Q

when does brain development begin?

A

in utero and continues into adulthood

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2
Q

what reinforces brain circuits?

A

continued use of them

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3
Q

how many neural connections are formed each second?

A

a million

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4
Q

epigenetics meaning

A

states the environmental factors and behaviours change the way that your genes work

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5
Q

epigenome

A

are the chemical markers that accumulate on DNA and determine how much or how little that gene is expressed

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6
Q

experiences relationship to the epigenome

A

experiences can rearrange the epigenome not only in the present but also their future capacity

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7
Q

impact of early experiences on genes

A

they can determine whether, when, and how genes release their information; can be influenced by both positive and negative experiences

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8
Q

positive experiences that may impact genes

A

can be nurturing, good relationships, good health, and positive feedback

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9
Q

negative experiences that may impact the genome

A

toxins, neglect, abuse, and emotional stress

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10
Q

what happens to babies who are exposed to chronic stress?

A

they are more likely to have respiratory, digestive, sleep, cognitive, behavioural, and social-emotional impairments

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11
Q

relationship between parental engagement and a child’s cognitive and behavioural development

A

is enforced by age 6 and persists into adolescence

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12
Q

relationships of early childhood experiences and schooling

A

can impact early learning, readiness to succeed in school, as well as lifelong physical and mental health

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13
Q

how is rich genetic potential activated?

A

supportive relationships and rich learning experiences

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14
Q

serve and return meaning

A

engage with children and play with them; these interactions help to shape the brain in a positive way

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15
Q

child development vs growth

A

development is a process that involves learning and mastering skills whereas growth is change in size and structures; these occur at the same time but are different things

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16
Q

types of cognitive skills

A

thinking, learning, and understanding

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17
Q

types of social-emotional skills

A

self control, interpersonal, and resilience

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18
Q

types of communication skills

A

can be expressive or receptive

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19
Q

types of motor skills

A

van be fine motor or gross motor

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20
Q

4 categories of development

A

cognitive, social-emotional, communication, and motor

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21
Q

motor development meaning

A

is the process of acquiring skills to use muscles and control movement and a known pattern is usually followed in children

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22
Q

known pattern and themes of development of motor skills in children

A

skills develop in a predictable order but the rate differs; skills are typically not lost once achieved; and interaction with the environment is important

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23
Q

reflexive to voluntary meaning

A

in infancy, most movements are reflexive but these will go away as part of typical development as voluntary movements develop

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24
Q

cephalo to caudal meaning

A

development occurs from the head to the toe as infants first gain control of head, then upper limbs, then lower limbs

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25
proximal to distal meaning and example
development occurs centrally to outward; ex. reaching begins with shoulder movements then progresses to fine hand movements
26
general to specific meaning
generalized and undirected (gross motor) movements develop before precise movements (fine motor)
27
specificity of motor learning for children
unlike adults, children need to have specific knowledge about movement, balance, and stability about postures that they have experienced; ex. reaching over a gap will not transfer to crawling over a gap
28
environment of relationships meaning
children look to their surroundings and often their parents for decisions and approval on how to move; ex. smile will give affirmation to try a new activity and fear will often prohibit it
29
children's relationship to the land
contributes to their motor development by the outside being variable causing children to gain more skills in regards to balance and fine muscle skills
30
maturational theory
proposes that development results from the unfolding of events determined by genetics and proceeds in a fixed linear sequence and at a steady rate; not the case as environmental factors play a role
31
neuromaturational theory
proposed that motor development was due to the maturation of the CNS and hierarchical control in a set steps of milestones; not true because of environment
31
dynamics systems theory
proposes that child development has interactions between multiple sub-systems (mind, body, and social and physical environment) and shift in one sub-system can cause the whole system to shift
32
what is the most crucial period for development?
first 5 years; during this time the brain doubles in volume
33
% of brain development by age 7
90%
34
5 things that help the brain to reach its full potential
connecting, talking, playing, a healthy home, and community
35
what happens to children when you're on your phone
they become confused and stressed, seeking attention; prolonged exposure to this will have a lifelong impression of lack of trust and emotional difficulties
36
how often do newborns sleep?
14-17 hours a day
37
primary newborn position
physiological flexion
38
what does physiological flexion look like?
neck and trunk flexed, head turned, fisted hands, elbows flexed, knees, flexed, internally rotated tibia, forefoot adduction, plantar flexion, and hip flexion in external rotation
39
stepping reflex
is done by holding the baby upright and bringing their feet in contact with a surface; the response is reciprocal flexion/extension of the legs (stepping)
40
parents and the stepping reflex
parents are often concerned when this integrates as they think is it backwards development, but ensure this that this is healthy
41
rooting reflex
is done by touching the cheek or side of mouth and they turn their head to that same side and start sucking; this supports feeding
42
what does the rooting reflex progress to?
voluntary sucking and oral motor control
43
galant reflex
is done by stroking the paraspinals on one side of the body and results in lateral flexion towards the affected side (shifting the hips); is believed to be a precursor to crawling
44
asymmetric tonic neck reflex
is done by turning the head and the limbs of the facial side extend and those on the contralateral side flex; this is a precursor to rolling
45
moro reflex
is done by dropping the head back into extension, causing them to abduct their arms with open fingers, then cross trunk into adduction, often crying; is a protection from falling
46
how to remember moro reflex
mor-OH is for startle and falling
47
tonic labyrinthine reflex
is done by flexing or extending the neck and results in corresponding flexion or extension of limbs; this helps to prepare for early movements like crawling
48
2 types of grasp reflex
plantar and palmar
49
what intergrates first, plantar or palmar?
palmar
50
palmar reflex
done by applying pressure to palm and results in grasping with fingers
51
plantar reflex
done by applying pressure to base of toes and results in grasping with toes
52
babinski sign
is done by a lateral plantar stroke from heel upwards and response is extension of the big toe, fanning of other toes, and withdrawal of the leg
53
acronym for remembering order of integrated reflexes
students (stepping) remember (rooting) gross (galant) anatomy (ATNR), master (moro) techniques (tonic labyrinthine), and practice (palmar) physio (plantar) brilliantly (babinski)
54
why are primitive reflexes important to PTs?
they can impact development and indicate an underlying disorder or dysfunction
55
what reflexes come after primitive reflexes?
postural reactions
56
purpose of postural reactions
to maintain body balance, upright alignment and coordination
57
3 main types of postural reactions
righting, protective, and equilibrium
58
specificity of learning meaning
is knowledge about movement, balance, and stability that is specific to postures infants have experienced (meaning for us to have motor learning, we must have experienced it)
59
landau meaning
is a transitional reflex done in prone horizontal suspension and response is that the head, chest, and legs extend; aka superman reflex
60
purpose of landau reflex
it strengthens upright posture by strengthening neck, trunk, and hip extensors
61
when does symmetrical tonic neck reflex appear?
as TLR integrates
62
symmetrical tonic neck reflex
is a transitional reflex done by moving head into flexion and extension (flexion causes arms to flex and legs to extend and extension causes arms to extend and legs to flex)
63
when do righting reactions begin to develop?
from birth when infants begin to interact with gravity
64
purpose of righting reactions
to align the head and trunk with the body and gravity as infants grow and to support the development of head control, rolling and sitting
65
3 types of righting reactions
optical, labyrinthine, and segmental
66
optical righting reaction
aligns head to vertical using visual input and is permanent
67
labyrinthine righting reaction
aligns head to vertical using vestibular input and is permanent
68
segmental righting reaction
aligns segments of body using somatosensory input and has 3 types that all integrate around age 5
69
3 types of segmental righting reactions
head on body, body on head, and body on body
70
head on body righting
head turns, body follows
71
body on head righting
body moves, head follows
72
body on body righting
leg crosses midline, and torso and head follow
73
equilibrium reactions
function to adjust the body according to its orientation in space by shifting the centre of mass or BOS to maintain balance
74
what are equilibrium reactions elicited by?
internal (just as standing on one foot) or external (such as being pushed by someone) changes
75
are equilibrium changes integrated or permanent?
permanent
76
protective reactions
protect the person from a fall by directing forwards, lateral, backwards, or downward
77
what is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex also called?
the fencing reflex
78
order of development of postural reflexes in regards to body mechanics
prone, supine, sitting, then standing
79
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