motor learning

Question 1

2 key features of motor learning definition

Answer 1

‘relatively permanent’ and ‘practice or experience’

Question 1

motor learning definition

Answer 1

the relatively permanent acquisition of a motor skill obtained through practice or experience

Question 2

relatively permanent meaning

Answer 2

refers to changes lasting for a relatively long period of time but can go away so need to be retrained

Question 3

motor performance

Answer 3

is skill execution at a single point in time and is variable; is observable behaviour

Question 4

motor learning (relative to motor performance)

Answer 4

inferred by evaluating performance at multiple time points and is more stable; not directly observable

Question 5

which is easier to observe, motor performance or motor learning?

Answer 5

motor performance

Question 6

practice or experience meaning

Answer 6

learning and skill improvements must occur from practice or experience and is not through osmosis

Question 7

explicit learning

Answer 7

is a skill requiring an awareness of learning and has a high demand on cognitive resources

Question 8

when is explicit learning beneficial?

Answer 8

when refining a skill

Question 9

implicit learning

Answer 9

is learning that does not require awareness of that learning and is independent of cognitive resources

Question 10

when is implicit learning beneficial?

Answer 10

for young children and those with cognitive impairments (like someone who had a stroke and is needing to relearn skills)

Question 11

2 ways of measuring motor skills

Answer 11

retention test and transfer test

Question 12

retention test

Answer 12

examines performance under the same conditions

Question 13

what does the retention test measure?

Answer 13

the persistence of learning

Question 14

transfer test

Answer 14

examines performance under a new situation

Question 15

what does the transfer test assess?

Answer 15

the adaptability of learning

Question 16

fitts and posner’s 3 stages of motor learning

Answer 16

cognitive, associative, and autonomous

Question 17

cognitive stage of fitts and posner’s

Answer 17

is the early stage of learning what to do; performance has lots of errors and requires a high cognitive effort

Question 18

associative stage of fitts and posner’s

Answer 18

skill is becoming more refined with fewer errors; adaptation begins and cognitive effort has decreased

Question 19

autonomous stage of fitts and posner’s

Answer 19

the skill has been learned and is adaptable in other environments; the learner can engage in other cognitive skills while doing the task

Question 20

3 stages of bernstein’s stages of motor learning

Answer 20

reduce degrees of freedom, release degrees of freedom, and exploit passive dynamics

Question 21

focus of bernstein’s stages of motor learning

Answer 21

biomechanics (think B for this)

Question 22

focus of fitts and posner’s theory

Answer 22

cognition and perceptual motor learning (think P)

Question 23

reduce degrees of freedom stage of bernstein’s stages of motor learning

Answer 23

focus on reducing non-essential body parts from moving and requires conscious control; ex. training wheels

Question 24

release degrees of freedom stage of bernstein's stages of motor learning

Answer 24

as performance increases, more degrees of freedom are allowed and this allows for improved performance and greater adaptability in different environments; ex. taking training wheels off

Question 25

exploit passive dynamics stage of bernstein's stages of motor learning

Answer 25

this takes advantage of energies and motions created through physics (ex. gravity, momentum, and recoil); ex. bikes with suspension going down a hill affected by gravity

Question 26

ways of practicing organization

Answer 26

repetitive practice, whole practice, variable practice, random practice, and progressive practice

Question 27

repetitive practice

Answer 27

involves repeating the motor pattern and can refine the pattern; can be physical or mental

Question 28

variable vs constant practice

Answer 28

variable involves repeating a task with a slight change in a variable; this allows for more adaptability and better motor learning compared to constant practice

Question 29

random vs blocked practice

Answer 29

random changes the sequence of events which allows for better learning and adaptation

Question 30

progressive practice meaning

Answer 30

adds physical or cognitive demands to a task to make it more challenging

Question 31

benefits of practice organizaiton

Answer 31

improves retention but slows down acquisition; or vise versa

Question 32

ways therapists can help with motor learning

Answer 32

modelling (demonstrating the task), physical guidance/hands on assistance, and permitting vs limiting errors (feedback)

Question 33

intrinsic feedback

Answer 33

is internally generated feedback and what is felt by the person doing the task

Question 34

extrinsic feedback

Answer 34

is provided by external sources and includes things that the person can hear or see; can be knowledge of results or knowledge of performance

Question 35

knowledge of results

Answer 35

provides feedback on the outcome of the movement

Question 36

knowledge of performance

Answer 36

provides feedback on the process or technique of the movement

Question 37

benefits of extrinsic feedback

Answer 37

can provide motivation and help to create associations between stimulus and response

Question 38

drawbacks of extrinsic feedback

Answer 38

can degrade learning when the person is attending to our feedback and ignoring their own internal feedback system