UE function

Question 1

key functions of UE

Answer 1

transport hand to desired location, grasp, dexterity, manipulation, sensory input, to coordinate visual, tactical information, head, and UE movements, postural adjustments, maintain balance, communication, and balance (ex. arm swing)

Question 2

examples of UE impairments

Answer 2

peripheral extremity injuries (fractures, tears, etc.), chronic MSK conditions (OA, RA), or neurological conditions (stroke, parkinsons, MS)

Question 3

feed-forward neuromuscular control

Answer 3

highlights that movements are planned based on information from past experiences and operates on premise of initiating a motor response in anticipation of a load or activity

Question 4

feed-back neuromuscular control

Answer 4

continuously regulates muscle activity through reflexive pathways and is reactive muscle activity

Question 5

are most movements feed-forward or feed-back?

Answer 5

a combination of both

Question 6

how many joint motions make up the action of reaching?

Answer 6

> 7

Question 7

reaching performance scale

Answer 7

assess reaching ability based on 6 items (trunk displacement, movement smoothness, shoulder movements, elbow movements, prehension, and global score)

Question 8

prehension meaning

Answer 8

is the action of grasping or opening the hand

Question 9

global score meaning

Answer 9

refers to tremors

Question 10

general sequence of movement during a reach

Answer 10

initiation and planning, trunk adjustment, shoulder and scapula movement, elbow and wrist adjustment, and hand/finger grasp

Question 11

initiation and planning step of reach

Answer 11

uses vision and hand-eye coordination to judge distance and trajectory and is the first part of the reach

Question 12

trunk adjustment step for reach movement

Answer 12

the trunk and spine move first to position the shoulder correctly relative to the target

Question 13

shoulder and scapula movement for reach

Answer 13

the scapula and humerus work in concert to position the elbow

Question 14

elbow and wrist adjustment movement of reach

Answer 14

the elbow extends and the wrist adjusts its position and orientation to prepare the hand for contact

Question 15

hand and finger grasp movement of reach

Answer 15

is the final stage that involves the precise movement of the fingers and thumb to grasp the object

Question 16

what movement can compensate for shoulder abduction?

Answer 16

scapular upward rotation which is often coupled with elbow flexion

Question 17

relationship between elbow and shoulder joint actions during reaching

Answer 17

they cannot be planned independently of each other

Question 18

reaching for stroke vs normal people

Answer 18

stroke group has a lack of smoothness during feedback control and a slower feedforward response

Question 19

triphasic burst

Answer 19

refers to the interaction between agonist and antagonist actions

Question 20

EMG pattern for triphasic burst during elbow extension

Answer 20

triceps burst from agonist, biceps burst as antagonist to quiet triceps, and triceps again to dampen oscillations of moving limb

Question 21

eye-hand coordination

Answer 21

the eyes direct the movement of the hands to the target and they relay the info about the object (size, shape) to determine the forces required for a grasp; viewing hand before movement can improve accuracy

Question 22

eye movements in the dark

Answer 22

can be aimed toward the hand by using proprioception

Question 23

how to challenge reach and grasp for those with UE and neurological dysfunction?

Answer 23

by taking away their visual field to decrease their reliance on vision/proprioception

Question 24

trunk exercises for UE function

Answer 24

can either be exercises that restrain the trunk to improve arm and hand function (this decreases trunk compensation) or trunk/core exercises can improve UE function to to trunk control

Question 25

fitt's law

Answer 25

states that to increase accuracy, speed needs to decrease and this is valid for tapping, reaching, and grasping movements

Question 26

goal-oriented reaching

Answer 26

is smoother and faster

Question 27

when does maximum grip aperture occur during reach?

Answer 27

at about 75% of the reach movement time; after this grasping motion begins

Question 28

tensor sensor

Answer 28

is worn on the wrist and measures the movement of flexor/extensor tendons and is often combined with GRASP bootcamp programs

Question 29

dominant language hemisphere and handedness

Answer 29

in 95% of right handers and 60% of left handers, the left cerebral hemisphere is dominant for language

Question 30

strength and bone mineral density between hands for right handed individuals

Answer 30

right hand has about 10-12% greater strength and bone mineral density is 3% higher

Question 31

strength and bone mineral density between hands for left handed individuals

Answer 31

both are equal between the hands

Question 32

tip pinch

Answer 32

is pinch between thumb tip and index finger; is the weakest out of the 3 and is more important for fine movements

Question 33

key pinch grip

Answer 33

is between the thumb pad to lateral aspect of middle phalange of index finger; is the strongest grip out of the 3

Question 34

palmar pinch grip

Answer 34

is between thumb pad to index and middle fingers; medium strength between the 3

Question 35

box and blocks test

Answer 35

tests the number of blocks carried over to other side in 60 seconds and their tests dexterity, speed, coordination, fine motor abilities, and interaction with the environment

Question 36

DASH/ quickDASH tests

Answer 36

assesses UE function through self. reporting; good for those with MSK injuries or further along in stroke rehab