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Personality and Individual Differences > TASK 3 - PERSONALITY INVENTORIES > Flashcards

TASK 3 - PERSONALITY INVENTORIES Flashcards

1
Q

personality trait

A

= (1) differences among individuals (2) in a typical tendency to behave, think, or feel (3) in some conceptually related ways, (4) across a variety of relevant situations and (5) across some fairly long period of time

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2
Q

Differences among individuals (1)

A

= personality trait relative to degree of other people

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3
Q

In a typical tendency to behave, think or feel (2)

A

= likelihood of showing behaviours, thought or feelings

- strong/weak inclination to exhibit behaviours –> external (actions, words) + internal (ideas, emotions)

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4
Q

In some conceptually related ways (3)

A

= trait is expressed by various behaviours, thoughts, feelings that have some common psychological element

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5
Q

Across a variety of relevant situations (4)

A

= shown across variety of settings –> not simply habit to specific situation

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6
Q

Over some fairly long period of time (5)

A

= stable tendency to show relevant pattern of behaviours

- tendency can change across entire life span (long-lasting approximately over a few years)

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7
Q

structured vs. unstructured personality inventories

A

structured = predetermined set of options, each related to specific ‘trait’
- reverse-coded items
√ good reliability: average response, good indicator of element that is common to items
√ good content validity: items describe wide array of interests, all of which are related to element being measured

unstructured = use of unstructured responses, leaves room for interpretation
x interpretation of practitioner

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8
Q

projective hypothesis

A

= respondents project aspects of their personality onto unstructured test stimuli
- projection = defence mechanism is described by individuals attributing own (unwanted) personality traits to others (Freud)

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9
Q

projective techniques

A

= present respondents with an ambiguous stimulus, ask them to disambiguate/decipher/interpret the stimulus

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10
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A

= series of inkblot patterns; for each inkblot individual asked to interpret what is seeing in pattern
- inkblots: designed to look like one thing in one part and something contradictory in another part; some suggestive shapes that many people can see, personal perception puts ‘critical bits’ together
x many psychologically normal people appear to be pathological –> inaccuracy with norms
- impracticability of administering and scoring test

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11
Q

thematic appreciation test (TAT)

A

= picture of some people interacting/paragraph that describes beginning of a story; individual is asked to tell a story about the picture/complete story
- pictures: show person’s view of others, attitudes towards self, expectations about relationships; less abstract stimuli than Rorschach
x difficult to know extent adds predictive validity
x time and labour-intensive, no large samples possible

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12
Q

strategies for structured inventories

A
  • empirical strategy
  • factor-analytical strategy
  • rational strategy
  • -> most in rational strategy, often combination
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13
Q

empirical strategy

A
  1. writing large number of items that describe very wide variety of actions, thoughts, feelings
    - true/false, yes/no, multipoint scale (agreement/disagreement)
  2. self-reports (or observer) on large pool of items from large sample
  3. extra information for deciding which items should be kept for assessing traits of interest –> items’ relations with outside variable (indicator of given trait)
    - empirical selection: on basis of observed evidence of relations of those items with some other information that is believed to give accurate indication of level of given trait (GPA for achievement orientation)
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14
Q

advantages/disadvantages empirical strategy

A

√ no concern about content of item –> solely based on observed empirical links between items and variable
√ difficult to adjust responses in desired way, to fake responses
x variety of item sets possible due to different samples, chosen indicator variable
- select items based on empirical relations observed within several different samples + different variables

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15
Q

factor-analytic strategy

A
  1. large and diverse pool of items + large sample
  2. find group of related items; each group measures different trait
  3. sorting correlated from uncorrelated items:
    - correlated items: measure same broad personality trait (= same factor)
    - uncorrelated items = different factors
    - each factor regards one broad trait
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16
Q

advantages/disadvantages of factor-analytical strategy

A

√ no specific plan of which traits should be measured
- measure major traits that are assessed by item pool
x limited set of traits if item pool is not variable/diverse
x no guarantee that traits will be ideal traits

17
Q

factor analysis

A

= statistical technique; systematic approach to decide which personality traits to measure

  1. many variables show correlations with each other
  2. categorising into groups according to correlations
    - reduce many variables into few unrelated groups of related variables (few basic groups) –> measure small items of traits
    - summarise relations among large number of variables
    - factor loadings: range between -1 and +1; indicate which variables belong to which factor
    - factors = dimensions along which people differ
18
Q

rational strategy

A
  1. write items specifically for purpose trait aimed to measured
    - rationally = rationally relevant items; reveal high level of trait and represent various aspects of trait
  2. decide best items to keep for final scale –> asking experts; administer to large sample
    - select items with strongest correlations with entire set
  3. consider breadth
19
Q

advantages/disadvantages of rational strategy

A

√ easier to implement, no need for item pool
x resulting scales only as good as sets of items written by psychologist
x easy to figure out intent of inventory, to fake answers

20
Q

lexical hypothesis

A

= people will want to talk about the personality traits they view as important; invent words to describe people’s trait levels
- important descriptive words become established in every language

21
Q

lexical approach

A

= use existing list of personality-descriptive adjectives in dictionaries of any language

  • obtain reasonably complete list of important personality traits
    1. search systematically throughout dictionary
    2. identify every word used to describe normal personality variation
  • exclude rare terms
    4. administer list to large voluntary sample
    5. factor analysis
22
Q

historical discovery of Big Five/early use of lexical approach

A
  1. Allport and Odbert (1936)
    - 4500 personality traits
  2. Cattell (1947)
    - put synonyms and antonyms together = 35 variables + 12 factors
  3. Tupes and Christal (1960s)
    - Big Five
23
Q

Big Five

A
  • dimensions
    1. extraversion
    2. agreeableness
    3. conscientiousness
    4. neuroticism (vs. emotional stability)
    5. imagination/intellect
24
Q
  1. EXTRAVERSION
A 
LOW = introverts; shyness, quietness, introversion, withdrawn
HIGH = extraverts; engage in social interactions (social attention), often great impact on social environment (leadership); talkativeness, liveliness, sociable, outgoing
25
Q
  1. AGREEABLENESS
A 
LOW = resolve conflicts by being aggressive; cold, rudeness, harshness
HIGH = favour negotiation to resolve conflicts; get along with others; kindness, sympathetic, gentleness, cooperative
26
Q
  1. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
A

LOW = perform more poorly at school and work (procrastinate); sloppiness, laziness, unreliable
HIGH = hard-working, punctual, reliable; organised, systematic, efficient, discipline
- outcomes: higher GPA, greater job satisfaction

27
Q
  1. NEUROTICISM
A 
LOW = emotionally stable; relaxed, easy-going
HIGH = emotionally unstable; great variability of moods over time; moody, possessive, anxious
28
Q
  1. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
A

= imagination/intellect
LOW = more tunnel vision (ignore stimuli); conventional, shallow, unintelligent
HIGH = enjoy new experiences; intellectual, creative, innovative

29
Q

five-factor model

A
  1. neuroticism
  2. agreeableness
  3. extraversion
  4. conscientiousness
  5. openness to experience
    - downplays importance of intellect MORE willingness to examine new ideas
30
Q

NEO-PI-R

A

= personality inventory based on five-factor model

31
Q

why development of HEXACO?

A
  • five-factor model not universal –> showed 6th factor

- changes in emotionality (former neuroticism), agreeableness, honesty-humility

32
Q

HEXACO-PI-R

A 
H: honesty-Humility
E: emotionality/neuroticism
X: extraversion
A: agreeableness
C: conscientiousness
O: openness to experience
- for each factor five/seven levels
√ assessment of many different personality types
√ more thorough summary
33
Q

history of personality assessment

A

19th century
1. phrenology (Gall)
2. Galton: eugenics, first scientific approach; questionnaires to evaluate personality characteristics
20th century
3. MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: military services to select personnel for positions
4. Cattell
5. CPI = California psychological inventory
6. NEO-PI-R

Personality and Individual Differences (8 decks)

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