Test 2 -Pasteurella

Question 1

Pasteurella multocida General

Answer 1

• Gram negative
• Obligate symbiotic
• Little resistant in environment

• Capsule: types A-E (antigenic properties)

• ——– Type A: mucoid capsule + hyaluronic acid
• ——— Subdivision of PM based on somatic antigens (1-16)

Question 2

Pasteurella multocida Virulence factors

Answer 2

• Adhesins: fimbriae and outer membrane proteins

• *• Capsule:**
• —— Adherence
• *——- Anti-phagocytic
• ——-Anti-complement**
• Cell wall: LPS- gram negative
• Iron acquisition: siderophores and outer membrane proteins

• Toxins

• RTX (repeats in toxin
——– Leukotoxin and lysis of erythrocytes (hemolysis)

• ——– Impairspulmonarymacrophagefunction
• ———Inflammatory reaction with tissue destruction

• Rho activating toxin (Pasteurella multocida toxin, dermonecrotic toxin)

• Other:
• Hyaluronidase

• Neuramidase

Question 3

Pasteurella multocida

hosts for high and low virulent strains

Answer 3

• High virulent strains
• Obligate pathogenic: septicaemiae

• In bovines, birds and rabbits

• Low virulent strains
• Facultative pathogenic (nose, tonsils): rhinitis, pneumonia • In pig, bovines and rabbits

Question 4

P. multocida in rabbits: rhinitis (snuffles)

Answer 4

• May evolve to:
• Pleuropneumonia
• Otitis( can see because the head is tilled
• Conjunctivitis
• Abscesses

Question 5

P. multocida in bovines

Answer 5

• Low pathogenic serovars (See bacterial bronchopneumonia in bovines)
• High pathogenic serovars:
• Hemorrhagic septicaemiae
• Serotypes
• B:2 mainly in South East Asia
• E:2 mainly in Africa
• Not really in Europe nor in the USA

Serotypes are just FYI

• High mortalities (50-100%)
• Spread by asymptomatic carriers(tonsils)
• Direct contact • Ticks and flea’s
• Therapy: Antiboditics do not work
• Inactivated vaccine

Question 6

P. multocida in pigs

Answer 6

• Atrophic rhinitis: See Bordetella bronchiseptica
• Lung pasteurellosis
• ———-Multifactorial disease
• ———-Mainly capsule type A and somatic type 3
• Aerosol transmission
• Carriers (nose)
• Suppurative bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pleuritis

Question 7

P. multocida in poultry: fowl cholera

Answer 7

• Different Capsular types

• Susceptibility differences
• Duck>goose>turkey>chicken>pheasant>partridge> guinea fowl

Question 8

P. multocida in poultry:

fowl cholera Pathogenesis

Answer 8

• In nose and beak of healthy animals
• Entrance: mucosae mouth, throat, trachea, skin lesions (eg. cat bites)

• Septicaemiae
——— acute, subacute, chronic disease progression (depending on host)

• Excretion: nose, mouth

——Drinking water, feed!

Question 9

P. multocida in poultry: fowl cholera Symptoms

Answer 9

• Chicken and turkey

——Mainly young adult

• ——Chicken: chronic
• ——————- Sneezing, nose excretions, oedema head
• Acute: sudden dead
• Cat bites: always hyperacute in all bird species

Question 10

P. multocida in cats and dogs

Answer 10

• Licking of wounds: wound infection

• Biting wounds and scratch lesions
• Cats biting a bird: Bird gets Pasteurella septicaemiae!

————– In the eventual case: always give antibiotics (the bird will not survive the infection)

• Less virulent serotypes

———–Nose

———- Tonsils

Question 11

Humans and biting wounds by cats and dogs

Answer 11

• Pasteurella spp
• Neisseria spp
• Capnocytophaga spp

Above are Frequently with obligate anaerobes involved Sometimes + Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.

• Bartonella henselae (cat)

Local symptoms, regional Lymph nodes

Bacteremia and tissue localization

Question 12

• Prevention of Infection from Bites

Answer 12

• Prevent
• Wound disinfection
• When antibiotics:
• Fever
• hands/face
• Stab wound (deep and can get anaerobic)
• Pus
• Whensurgeryisnecessary
• Risk groups (lower immunity)

Question 13

Mannheimia hemolytica

Answer 13

Mannheimia hemolytica used to be Pasteurella hemolytica

Question 14

Mannheimia hemolytica

General

Answer 14

• Obligate symbiotic
• Capsule types (A-F)
• Low environmental resistance

Question 15

Mannheimia hemolytica

Virulence factors

Answer 15

• Leukotoxin: RTX family (related to Apx toxins of APP,…)

• ———– Low dose: oxidative metabolism in NF & MF
• ————-High dose: lysis of phagocytes
• ————– Only effective on leucocytes of bovines and sheep!

—————Strongly antigenic
• Transferrin binding proteins

• Endotoxins (LPS)
• Capsule (anti-Phagocytosis)

• Fimbriae

Question 16

Mannheimia hemolytica

In different animals

Answer 16

Ruminants

Facultative pathogenic

—————-Bovine: tonsils/nasopharynx (low numbers)

—————-Sheep: nose and tonsils

Pneumonia (both primary and secondary infection are possible)

(septicaemiae)

Sheep

All serotypes

Frequently found in the nose

Little to no acquired antimicrobial resistance

• Bovines

Serotypes 1, 2, 6

Seldom found in nose

Quite some acquired antimicrobial resistance

Role in bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves

Question 17

Bacterial broncho-pneumonia in calves

Answer 17

• Multifactorial disease

———— Environmental factors- grouping cows together

• ————Viral infections
• ————Bacterial infections

• In young animals

Question 18

Bacterial broncho-pneumonia in calves

Answer 18

Primary pathogens possibly involved:
• M. haemolytica
• Mycoplasma bovis
• Histophilus somni (+ CNS SY: sleeper disease)

• Ureaplasma diversum
• Mycoplasma dispar (chronic respiratory disease)
• Salmonella Dublin
• don’t need to know for test 2, but will need to know for the final

Question 19

Bacterial broncho-pneumonia in calves

Answer 19

• Secondary pathogens possibly involved
• Pasteurella multocida (low, medium virulent strains)
• ————- Facultative pathogen
• ————–Respiratory system
• Trueperella pyogenes
• Moraxella spp.

Question 20

Shipping fever

Answer 20

Bacterial broncho-pneumonia in calves by M. haemolytica and P. multocida

when you have these two together—– you call them shipping fever

Question 21

M. haemolytica and P. multocida

Pathogenesis: endogenic

Answer 21

• Stress (transport, environmental changes, viral infection,…)
• Multiplication at the nasopharynx of M. haemolytica

———-Excretion

———- Lung (aspiration of upper airway droplets)

——————- Fibronecrotic bronchopneumonia

———- Septicaemic phase (not so frequent)

• P. multocida: secondary pathogen

———-Capsule type A, (D)

Question 22

M. haemolytica and P.

multocida

Pathogenesis: exogenic

Answer 22

Pathogenesis: exogenic

• Excretion of high numbers of MH by infected calves
• Other animals get colonized/infected

Question 23

Immunity from shipping fever

Answer 23

• Mainly antibody mediated immunity
• Presence in tonsils: antibody production and partial protection
• Protective antigens:

———-Leukotoxin (not fully protective)

• ——— Surface antigens
• ——————–Capsule(notagoodgradeofprotection)

———-Transferrin binding proteins
• Vaccine: needs a combination of factors

Question 24

Symptoms of shipping fever

Answer 24

• General symptoms
• Respiratory distress
• Generally doesnt’ feel well

Question 25

Lesions from shipping fever

Answer 25

• Different grades and depending on complicating infections - --------- Fibrinous necrotizing bronchopneumonia - ---------Serofibrinous pleuritis - ---------Well defined pneumonia zones

Question 26

Answer 26

shipping fever

Question 27

Diagnosis • Mannheimia haemolytica and p. multocida

Answer 27

**Mannheimia haemolytica** • Bacterial culture from ---------- Lungs - ---------BAL - ---------Nose (though difficult interpretation) • Little resistant: quick to lab **• Pasteurella multocida:** • Culture from lung, BAL (nose)

Question 28

Treatment of M. Hemmolytica and P. multocida

Answer 28

• Prevention! ----------Ventilation - ---------Thermoregulation - --------- Feed: stomach fermentation --------------------Lower energy concentration • Vaccination (success is variable) ---------- Bacterins:+/- ----------Bacteria grown in Fe deprived media (transferrin binding proteins)+ ----------Bacteria + leukotoxins + • Antibiotics (evt. + cortico steroids)

Question 29

Bibersteinia trehalosi

Answer 29

Sheep Septicaemiae at the age of 5-12 months; resembles bovine hemorrhagic septicaemia DD -Clostridium perfringens enterotoxemia Acute mortality ---------- Stress ----------Changes in feed **used to be a pasterella**