Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards by Tara Matthews

Q

Describe the atomic structure

A

Protons (+)
Neutrons (neutral)
Electrons (-)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What two atomic particles have the same mass?

A

Protons and Neutrons
1 AMU = atomic mass unit

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Define: element

A

Atoms of 1 type that cannot be further broken down, thus maintaining its properties

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

4 macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Monomers of…

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

A

Carbohydrates: monosaccharide
Lipids: fatty acid and glycerol
Proteins: amino acids
Nucleic Acids: nucleotide

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Polymers of…

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

A

Carbohydrates: polysaccharide
Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids
Proteins: polypeptide
Nucleic Acids: polynucleotide

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Examples of…

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

A

Carbohydrates: starch, glycogen
Lipids: steroids, triglycerides, phospholipids
Proteins: actin/myosin, insulin, antibodies, collagen, hemoglobin
Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Function of…

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

A

Carbohydrates: provide cellular fuel
Lipids: basic structural material, cell f(x), communicate, transport
Proteins: provides structure to cell membrane
Nucleic Acids: stores and transmits genetic info

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Describe the principle of complementary

A

Activities of cells are dictated by shape and by types and relative number of subcellular structures they contain

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

The difference between interphase and mitosis…

A

Interphase = the period of growth and DNA replication

Mitosis = the actual process of nuclear and cell division

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Membranes: Cutaneous

A

Dry: skin

Epidermis: kertanizied stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis: Loose CTP, areolar and Dense CTP, irregular

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Membranes: Serous

A

Wet: lines body cavities that are closed to the outside

Mesothelium: simple squamous epithelium

Connective: loose CTP

Double layered!

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Membranes: Mucous

A

Wet: lines body cavities that open to the outside

Epithelium
Lamina propria: Loose CTP
Muscularis Mucosae: Smooth muscle

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is the smallest unit of matter?

A

Atom

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

True or False: A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond together.

A

True

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the three subatomic particles found in an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?

A

Proton

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an organic macromolecule?
A: Carbohydrates
B: Proteins
C: Water
D: Nucleic Acids

A

C: Water

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What type of bond is primarily responsible for the properties of water?

A

Hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

True or False: All organic molecules contain carbon.

A

True

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is the primary function of nucleic acids in living organisms?

A

Storage and transmission of genetic information

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Fill in the blank: The basic building blocks of proteins are called __________.

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is the term for the front of the body?

A

Anterior

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is the term for the back of the body?

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the region of the body that includes the head.

Cephalic

True or False: The term 'medial' refers to a position closer to the midline of the body.

True

What is the opposite of 'superior' in anatomical terminology?

Inferior

What does the term 'lateral' refer to?

A position further away from the midline of the body.

What is the term for the region of the body between the chest and the abdomen?

Abdominal

Multiple Choice: Which term describes a position closer to the feet? A: Cranial B: Caudal C: Medial D: Lateral

B: Caudal

What is the anatomical term for the wrist?

Carpal

True or False: The term 'proximal' indicates a position closer to the point of attachment of a limb.

True

What does 'distal' mean?

Further away from the point of attachment of a limb.

Fill in the blank: The _____ region refers to the neck.

Cervical

What is the term for the area of the body that contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic

Multiple Choice: Which term means 'toward the midline'? A: Lateral B: Medial C: Distal D: Proximal

B: Medial

What is the anatomical term for the area of the body that includes the elbow?

Cubital

True or False: The term 'palmar' refers to the sole of the foot.

False

What does the term 'plantar' refer to?

The sole of the foot.

Fill in the blank: The _____ region refers to the area of the lower back.

Lumbar

What is the anatomical term for the area of the body that includes the knee?

Patellar

Multiple Choice: Which term describes a position away from the surface of the body? A: Superficial B: Deep C: Proximal D: Distal

B: Deep

What is the term for the area of the body that contains the reproductive organs?

Pelvic

True or False: The term 'cranial' refers to the lower part of the skull.

False

What does 'thoracic' refer to?

The chest area.

Fill in the blank: The _____ region is located at the back of the knee.

Popliteal

What is the anatomical term for the ankle?

Tarsal

Multiple Choice: Which term means 'toward the head'? A: Superior B: Inferior C: Cranial D: A and C

D: A and C

What is the anatomical term for the area of the body that includes the shoulder?

Deltoid

What is the basic unit of life?

The cell

True or False: All living organisms are made up of cells.

True

What is the function of the cell membrane?

To protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits

Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

What is the jelly-like substance inside the cell called?

Cytoplasm

True or False: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

True

What structure in eukaryotic cells contains the genetic material?

Nucleus

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for packaging and distributing proteins.

Golgi apparatus

What is the function of lysosomes?

To break down waste materials and cellular debris

Multiple Choice: Which part of the cell is selectively permeable? A: Cell wall B: Cell membrane C: Cytoplasm

B: Cell membrane

What type of membrane is the cutaneous membrane?

The skin

True or False: Mucous membranes line body cavities that are open to the exterior.

True

Fill in the blank: Serous membranes secrete ______ fluid.

serous

What are the two layers of serous membranes called?

Parietal layer and visceral layer

Which type of membrane is responsible for lubrication in body cavities?

Serous membranes

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mucous membranes? A: They produce mucus B: They line closed body cavities C: They are found in the respiratory tract D: They provide protection

B: They line closed body cavities

What is the primary function of the cutaneous membrane?

To protect the body from external damage

True or False: Mucous membranes can be found in the digestive system.

True

Fill in the blank: The ______ layer of serous membranes covers the organs.

visceral

What is the main component of the cutaneous membrane?

Epidermis and dermis

Multiple Choice: Which membrane type is primarily involved in absorption and secretion? A: Cutaneous B: Serous C: Mucous D: All of the above

C: Mucous

What type of epithelium is typically found in mucous membranes?

Simple columnar or stratified squamous epithelium

True or False: Serous membranes are always dry.

False

Fill in the blank: The ______ membrane is also known as the pleura when referring to the lungs.

serous

What is the primary function of mucous membranes?

To protect and lubricate surfaces that are exposed to the exterior

What is the blue layer?

Parietal pleura

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

To protect the body from external damage and regulate various bodily functions.

True or False: The integumentary system includes only the skin.

False

What are the three main layers of the skin?

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).

Fill in the blank: The outermost layer of the skin is called the _______.

Epidermis

What type of cells are primarily found in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes

Multiple Choice: Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels and nerves? A: Epidermis B: Dermis C: Hypodermis D: All of the above

B: Dermis

What pigment is responsible for skin color?

Melanin

True or False: The dermis contains hair follicles and sweat glands.

True

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

To secrete oil (sebum) that lubricates the skin and hair.

Fill in the blank: The hypodermis is primarily made up of _______ tissue.

Adipose

What role do sweat glands play in the integumentary system?

They help regulate body temperature through perspiration.

Multiple Choice: Which type of skin cancer is most common? A: Melanoma B: Basal cell carcinoma C: Squamous cell carcinoma D: Merkel cell carcinoma

B: Basal cell carcinoma

What is the primary function of hair in the integumentary system?

To provide protection and insulation.

True or False: The integumentary system plays a role in vitamin D synthesis.

True

What is the role of the nails in the integumentary system?

To protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping.

Fill in the blank: The skin acts as a barrier to prevent _______ loss.

Water

What is the term for the process of shedding dead skin cells?

Desquamation

Multiple Choice: Which type of receptors in the skin are responsible for detecting touch? A: Thermoreceptors B: Photoreceptors C: Mechanoreceptors D: Nociceptors

C: Mechanoreceptors

What role does the integumentary system play in immune response?

It acts as a physical barrier and contains immune cells that help defend against pathogens.

What does the 'A' in ABCDE stand for in skin cancer detection?

Asymmetry

What does the 'B' in ABCDE represent?

Border

Fill in the blank: A mole with an irregular or scalloped border may be a sign of _____ cancer.

melanoma

What does the 'C' in ABCDE stand for?

Color

Multiple Choice: Which of the following colors might indicate a problematic mole? A: Light brown B: Dark black C: Pink D: Tan

B: Dark black

What does the 'D' in ABCDE refer to?

Diameter

What does the 'E' in ABCDE signify?

Evolution

Short Answer: What does 'Evolution' mean in the context of skin cancer detection?

Changes in size, shape, color, or elevation of a mole over time.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT part of the ABCDE criteria? A: Asymmetry B: Border C: Elevation D: Color

C: Elevation

Fill in the blank: A mole that has multiple colors may be classified as having _____ in the ABCDE criteria.

Color

Multiple Choice: Which characteristic of a mole indicates it may be malignant? A: Smooth border B: Uniform color C: Asymmetry D: Diameter smaller than 5mm

C: Asymmetry

Fill in the blank: The diameter of a concerning mole is typically greater than _____ mm.

6

What are skin appendages?

Structures that originate from the epidermis and include hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

True or False: Skin appendages are solely responsible for thermoregulation.

False

Fill in the blank: The primary function of ______ glands is to produce sweat.

sweat

What type of skin appendage is responsible for producing oil?

Sebaceous glands

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of skin appendage? A: Hair B: Sweat Gland C: Muscle D: Nail

C: Muscle

What is the main function of hair follicles?

To produce hair and provide a site for hair growth.

True or False: Nails protect the tips of fingers and toes.

True

Fill in the blank: The ______ gland is responsible for producing a fatty substance that lubricates the skin.

sebaceous

What are the two main types of sweat glands?

Eccrine and apocrine glands.

Multiple choice: Which type of sweat gland is primarily found in the armpits and groin area? A: Eccrine B: Apocrine

B: Apocrine

What is the role of eccrine glands?

To regulate body temperature through the secretion of sweat.

True or False: Hair is composed primarily of living cells.

False

Fill in the blank: The ______ is the visible part of the hair that extends above the skin.

hair shaft

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

To cause hair to stand upright in response to cold or fear.

Multiple choice: Nails are made primarily of which protein? A: Collagen B: Keratin C: Elastin

B: Keratin

What is the term for the part of the nail that is embedded in the skin?

Nail bed

True or False: Sebaceous glands are typically associated with hair follicles.

True

Fill in the blank: The ______ is the part of the hair follicle that contains the cells that produce hair.

hair bulb

What are the primary components of sweat?

Water, salts, and waste products.

Multiple choice: Which skin appendage helps in the sensation of touch? A: Hair B: Nail C: Sweat gland D: Sebaceous gland

A: Hair