psyb10 midterm 2

Question 1

a favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction toward something or someone, exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behaviour

Answer 1

attitude

Question 2

Uses reaction times to measure how quickly associate concepts

Answer 2

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Question 3

Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect how we think, feel, and act toward others.

These biases happen automatically and unintentionally, without us realizing it.

Answer 3

implicit bias

Question 4

a centre in the brain for threat perception

Answer 4

amygdala

Question 5

tension that arises when we are simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions

Answer 5

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 6

A strategy for gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a large request (the door in the face), the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request

Answer 6

door in the face technique

Question 7

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 7

foot in the door phenomenon

Question 8

behaviour expectations (norms) for males and females

Answer 8

gender roles

Question 9

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behaviour when external justification is “insufficient”

Answer 9

insufficient justification

Question 10

a tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante (cost). People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

Answer 10

low-ball technique

Question 11

rules for accepted and expected behaviour that prescribe “proper” behaviour

Answer 11

norms

Question 12

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their action as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

Answer 12

overjustification effect

Question 13

a set of norms that define how people in a given social position ought to behave

Answer 13

role

Question 14

a theory that people often experience self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behaviour, and they compensate for this threat by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people’s self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain

Answer 14

self-affirmation theory

Question 15

the theory that, when unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us- by looking at our behaviour and the circumstances under which it occurs

Answer 15

self-perception theory

Question 16

most of our judgments, our attitudes, feelings around situations or topics arrive through________rather than _________

Answer 16

intuition/emotion rather than judgments

Question 17

Individuals with damage to WHAT seem to be less sensitive to emotional influences in their decision making

Answer 17

ventromedial prefrontal cortex VMPFC

Question 18

an attitude involves a what

Answer 18

evaluation

meaning:
VALUE… we are assigning a value to something, is it good or is it bad

Question 19

what are the components of an attitude?

Answer 19

ABC

affective (value)

behavioural (action)

Cognitive (thoughts)

Question 20

what does the name letter test measure

Answer 20

implicit self attitude

defined by taking people self rating of their own letter - others rating of the same letter

Question 21

Tell me how beautiful do you find each letter of the alphabet

Answer 21

name letter test

Question 22

refers to the idea that people are unconsciously attracted to things that resemble themselves

Answer 22

implicit egotism

Question 23

means having a tendency to view people, situations, or outcomes more favorably than is objectively warranted.

Answer 23

positive bias

Focusing on positive aspects while ignoring negatives

Interpreting ambiguous information in a positive way

Overestimating good qualities or likelihoods

Question 24

the tendency to place more value on things one owns

Answer 24

The endowment effect

Question 25

are attitudes unitary

Answer 25

no attitudes are mixed, they are more complex

Question 26

the value of our attitudes come from

Answer 26

cognition: All mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and understanding

Question 27

how can we see that value is a product of the cognition, our minds, and brains?

Answer 27

by looking at brain damage

Question 28

key for rapidly assigning salience (How much something stands out or is prominent and noticeable.) to environmentally significant events differing what is significant vs not significant

Answer 28

the amygdala

Question 29

a change in a person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions that is due to another person, either real or imagined

Answer 29

social influence

Question 30

what are the three major kinds of social influence

Answer 30

compliance conformity obedience

Question 31

responding favorably to an explicit request by another person

Answer 31

compliance

Question 32

changing one’s thinking, feeling, or behavior to be consistent with another person or group

Answer 32

conformity

Question 33

changing one’s behaviour in response to the demands of a more powerful person

Answer 33

obedience

Question 34

the need to be liked

Answer 34

normative conformity

Question 35

when you change your beliefs or behaviours because you believe other people have more accurate information than you.

Answer 35

Information conformity

Question 36

When people learn that their judgments are conflicting with the group judgments there is higher activity in the

Answer 36

cingulate cortex

Question 37

the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours

Answer 37

Persuasion

Question 38

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts

Answer 38

the central route to persuasion

Question 39

What are the 4 elements of persuasion?

Answer 39

The communicator The message How the message is communicated The audience

Question 40

a delayed impact of a message; occurs when we remember the message but forget a reason for discounting it

Answer 40

sleeper effect

Question 41

The tendency for group discussion to lead group members to lead to more extreme conclusions than we started with

Answer 41

group polarization

Question 42

what are three things that affect group polarization

Answer 42

1. group composition: polarization is stronger when groups are homgenous 2. presence of an outgroup: polarization is stronger when exposed to an outgroup 3. initial position: polarization is stronger when initial position is more extreme (versus neutral)

Question 43

a change in behavior or belief to accord with others.

Answer 43

conformity

Question 44

conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing

Answer 44

Compliance

Question 45

acting in accord with a direct order

Answer 45

obedience

Question 46

refers to the lack of helping behaviour by individuals when others are present during an emergency or situation requiring assistance.

Answer 46

Bystander apathy

Question 47

This effect describes the phenomenon where emotional expressions appear more intense in a crowd compared to when seen on an individual face alone.

Answer 47

The Crowd-Emotion Amplification Effect

Question 48

is an experimental method used to demonstrate how easily people form in-group favoritism even when group distinctions are trivial.

Answer 48

minimal group paradigm

Question 49

leads to loss of self-restraint and increased conformity to group norms, whether positive or negative.

Answer 49

de individuation

Question 50

two or more people, who for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as “us”

Answer 50

group

Question 51

a group of people working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task

Answer 51

co-actors

Question 52

loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual

Answer 52

Deindividuation

Question 53

concern for how others are evaluating us

Answer 53

Evaluation apprehension

Question 54

benefiting from the group, but giving little in return

Answer 54

Free-ride

Question 55

Group-produced enhancement of members’ pre-existing tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group

Answer 55

group polarization

Question 56

the tendency for groups, in the process of decision making, to suppress dissenting (disagreeing) conditions in the interest of ensuring harmony within the group

Answer 56

group think

Question 57

the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

Answer 57

leadership

Question 58

a false impression of how other people are thinking, feeling, or responding

Answer 58

pluralistic ignorance is a situation where individuals privately reject a norm or belief but incorrectly assume that others accept it, so they go along with it publicly.

Question 59

the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses because of the presence of others

Answer 59

Social facilitation

Question 60

When the mere presence of others strengthens the dominant response, ________________ has occurred.

Answer 60

group think

Question 61

what role does the rostral cingulate cortex have in the brain

Answer 61

social conformity

Question 62

The need to be liked

Answer 62

normative conformity

Question 63

is when you change your beliefs or behaviours because you believe other people have more accurate information than you.

Answer 63

information conformity

Question 64

refers to the idea that people are unconsciously attracted to things that resemble themselves

Answer 64

implicit egotism

Question 65

the tendency for people to attribute greater value to an outcome if they put in a lot of effort to achieve it, even if the outcome is not that great.

Answer 65

justification of effort

Question 66

if we get someone to do something unpleasant but then we give them someone pleasant as a reward, the reward becomes more pleasant than the unpleasant effort

Answer 66

constrast effect

Question 67

automatic, unconscious feelings and evaluations about yourself. These are attitudes you hold towards yourself without being fully aware of them.

Answer 67

implicit self attitude