psyc24 midterm 2 Flashcards by ryan paul

in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the US. Centers for Disease Control’s 1980 standards for childrens of a given age

childhood obesity

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what age is middle childhood

6 to 11 years of age

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how much weight and height does one child gain during middle childhood per year

2 inches and 5 pounds per year

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what are the changes in teeth that happen during middle childhood

front teeth lost at around age 6
molars lost at around 10-12
permanent molars erupt

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is BMI increased or decreased in middle childhood

increased

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what are the physical milestones that happen during middle childhood?

teeth: children lose front teeth at age 6, lose molars at ages 10-12, molars erupt
BMI is increases
development of axillary hair (armpit hair) and odour

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does physical activity increase or decrease BMI

decrease (good)

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A BMI over the 85th percentile for children of that age

overweight child

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A BMI above the 95% percentile for children of a given age

childhood obesity

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chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory system

Asthma

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suggests that growing up in overly clean environments — with less exposure to microbes, dirt, and infections — can make the immune system less trained and more likely to overreact, leading to allergies, asthma, or autoimmune diseases.

hygiene hypothesis

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movement of every body part fosters learning

Embodied cognition

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the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others

Selective attention

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selective attention improves at about what age

age 7

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the amount of time to respond to a stimulus

Reaction time

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reaction time improves at what age

every year from ages 6 to 11

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Potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge.

aptitude

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Measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject; distinct from aptitude

achievement

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Assumes that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities; people have varying levels of this general ability

general intelligence

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Designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school

IQ test

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is the observed rise in average IQ scores over time across generations.

Flynn effect

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There are multiple types of intelligences that are distinct from one another
People have 8 types of intelligence necessary for functioning and survival

Gardner’s Alternative Theory of Multiple Intelligences

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what is Gardner’s Alternative Theory of Multiple Intelligences based on (like measured)

NOT aptitude tests but self-report measures and behavioural observation

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people’s brains and ways of thinking naturally vary, and these differences are a normal part of human diversity — not “disorders” that always need to be fixed.

neurodiversity

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what are the physical milestones that occur during middle childhood?

- grow 2 inches per year - 5 pounds per year - primary teeth to permanent teeth - increase in BMI development -development of axillary hair (armpit hair) and odour

piaget believed that children in middle childhood were in which stage of development

concrete operational stage

organizing or grouping things based on shared features or characteristics.

classification

means the ability to arrange or order things according to a certain rule or property, such as size, weight, length, or number.

seriation

In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the ________________ means understanding that an object stays the same even if its appearance changes, as long as nothing has been added or taken away.

the logical operation of idenity

what the learner could understand with guidance

zone of proximal development

giving just enough help for someone to learn something new — and slowly removing that help as they get better. by Vygotsky

scaffolding

classification develops by what age

children in the concrete operational stage are what age according to Piaget

7-12

seriation is developed by what age

Compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data

information processing theory

holds raw sensory information from senses

Sensory store

depicts the flow of information in thinking

multistore model

how many pieces of information can short term/working memory hold

Can hold 5-9 pieces of information on average 7 though

body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master related new information

Knowledge base

thinking about your own thinking — being aware of and able to control your thought processes.

metacognition

knowing what you remember, what you might forget, and how to remember better

metamemory

ability to use words and devices to communicate in various contexts

pragmatics

contains ideas about self that include intelligence, personality, abilities, gender and ethnic background how we think of ourself

self concept

self concept (how we think of ourself) is dependent on what in middle childhood

social comparison

tendency to assess oneself against those of other people, especially peers

social comparison

how you feel about yourself on the inside. self assessment

self esteem

_____ typically have a higher self esteem than ______ (what gender)

men than women

refers to how the average level of a trait or characteristic changes across a group of people over time.

mean-level change

means the ability to bounce back from challenges, stress, or difficult situations and keep going. is dynamic not stable positive adaptation to stress

resilience

repeated stresses, daily hassles, and multiple traumatic experiences may challenge resilience

cumulative stress

when a child takes on the role of a parent, caring for their parent or family members in ways that are beyond their age or responsibility level.

parentification

what crisis did Erik Erikson say that children in middle childhood are facing in his psychosocial theory of development?

Industry versus Inferiority

everyone is influenced by what three forces? about families during middle childhood

1. genes 2. influence of shared environment...shrinks/decreases with age 3. effect of nonshared environemnt...increases with age

legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily and others

family structure

way a family works to meet the needs of its members

family function

suggests some people are more sensitive than others to environmental influences, both positive and negative.

differential susceptibility

how much percent are two parent families

69%

how much percent are single parent families

31%

how much percent are more than two adult families

10%

whats more important family structure or family function?

family function

what are the two factors that increase the likelihood of dysfunction in every structure, ethic group, and nation?

low income/poverty OR high conflict

Stress in the family (like money problems or job loss) → affects parents → affects parenting → affects children.

family stress model

parents and children have a ______ relationship

vertical Characterized by unequal power and authority. Parents guide, teach, and make rules; children follow and learn. There’s a hierarchy — the parent is “above” the child in decision-making and responsibility. The relationship is asymmetrical: the parent has more experience, control, and responsibility.

children and peers have a __________ relationship

horizontal Characterized by equal status and mutual influence. Peers interact as equals, without a built-in hierarchy. The relationship is symmetrical: each person has similar power and influence. Encourages cooperation, negotiation, social skills, and empathy.

particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of customs, rules, and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society

child culture

popular children in the united states means

friendly, cooperative or aggressive

unpopular children in the united states are

neglected, aggressive-rejected, withdrawn-rejected

ignored, shunned

neglected Not actively rejected, just ignored

actively rejected because of antagonistic, confrontational

aggressive rejected

actively rejected because they are timid, anxious

withdrawn rejected

repeated, systemic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person

bullying

a type of bullying that focuses on damaging someone’s social relationships or social status rather than using physical aggression.

relational bullying

refers to a person’s sense of right and wrong — the principles, rules, or beliefs that guide behavior toward what is considered good, fair, or ethical.

morality

what are moral rules of child culture in middle childhood

1. defend your friends 2. don't tell adults about children's misbehaviour 3. conform to peer standards of dress, talk, and behaviour

ability to understand what another person is feeling

empathy with age this increases

psyc24 midterm 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)