psyb57 exam

Question 1

acquiring and processing information about the world in order to make behavioral decisions

Answer 1

cognition

Question 2

choosing a specific course of behavioral actions from among many possibilities

Answer 2

decision making

Question 3

Before we can make a decision, we need to determine what information we can bring to bear on the situation based on the information we currently have. This is referred to as

Answer 3

reasoning

Question 4

the conversion of physical properties of the world or body into a neural code by the peripheral nervous system

Answer 4

sensation

Question 5

the processing and interpretation of the sensory information into a orm that is useful for a behavioral decision

Answer 5

perception

Question 6

where in the nervous system can perception be said to take place

Answer 6

brain

Question 7

a diability in which an individual has difficulty recognizing or perceiving certain kinds of objects

Answer 7

agnosias

Question 8

the length from the trough (bottom) of a wave to its crest (top)

Answer 8

amplitude

Question 9

a strip of tissue inside the cochlea that contains the hair cells that transduce sound

Answer 9

basilar membrane

Question 10

the fact that the image of the world falling on each of the two eyes is different

Answer 10

binocular disparity

Question 11

property of a stimulus that has alternating stable perceptual interpretations

Answer 11

bi-stable

Question 12

perceptual processing that is applied generally too all stimuli and does not depend on specific knowledge or its category

Answer 12

bottom up processing

Question 14

sensory receptors with nerve endings specialized to respond to chemicals in the environment

Answer 14

chemoreceptors

Question 15

a form of recognition that consists of determining whether a given image corresponds to a class or cateogory

Answer 15

classification

Question 16

a coiled, bony structure in the inner ear thatis filled with fluid and contains the basilar membrane

Answer 16

cochlea

Question 17

a type of photoreceptor, largely contained in the central fovea of the retina, that supports high spatial resolution and color vision under higher lighting conditions

Answer 17

cone

Question 18

A model of perception in which the sensory information is used to generate a mental model of the environment that is assumed to have caused the sensory stimulus.

Answer 18

constructive perception

Question 19

When multiple neurons send signals to a single neuron.

Answer 19

convergence (neural)

Question 20

The perception of discrete visual elements as forming a larger pattern or whole.

Answer 20

visual grouping

Question 21

perceptual processing that leverages stimulus or category specific knowledge

Answer 21

top down processing

Question 22

A spatial arrangement of neural structures (such as hair cells) in which locations are organized based on the frequency of sound they encode.

Answer 22

tonotopic map

Question 23

sensory receptors specialized to respond to heat

Answer 23

thermoceptors

Question 24

A subcortical region of the brain that serves as a way-station between sensory inputs and the cortex.

Answer 24

thalamus

Question 25

simple model of recognition that depends on directly matching an incoming image to an image of an object or category in order to determine whether they reach some threshold of similarity.

Answer 25

template

Question 26

Structures on the surface of the tongue that contain the sensory receptors for taste.

Answer 26

taste buds

Question 27

the use of binocular disparity (the fact that image falling in the two eyes is different) in perceiving depth

Answer 27

steropsis

Question 28

oscillating movement in the air caused by vibrations of objects in the environment

Answer 28

sound waves

Question 29

a region of the brain, located in the temporal lobe, that receives multiple sources of sensory information from across the body, including sensation of touch

Answer 29

somatosensory cortex

Question 30

The conversion of physical properties of the world or body into a neural code by the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 30

sensation

Question 31

A visual deficit leading to the inability to recognize objects.

Answer 31

semantic agnosia

Question 32

learned representation of which objects tend to appear in specific kinds of scenes.

Answer 32

scene schema

Question 33

A type of photoreceptor in the retina, outside of central vision, that responds to lower light but with reduced spatial acuity and no color differentiation.

Answer 33

rods

Question 34

A structure in the back of the eye consisting of multiple layers of neurons, including photoreceptors in the final layer which transduce light.

Answer 34

retina

Question 35

A small hole at the center of the iris that controls how much light is allowed to pass into the eye.

Answer 35

pupil

Question 36

A visual deficit that leads to an inability or difficulty in recognizing faces.

Answer 36

prosopagnosia

Question 37

The perception of the location of the limbs in space.

Answer 37

propricoception

Question 38

The first region of the cortex to receive visual input.

Answer 38

primary visual cortex- V1

Question 39

The first region of the cortex to receive information from the gustatatory sensory system.

Answer 39

primary gustatory cortex

Question 40

A region in the temporal lobe of the cortex that is the first to receive auditory information in the cortex.

Answer 40

primary auditory cortex - A1

Question 41

The visible portion of ear made up of folded cartilage; it serves to gather and transmit sound into the ear canal.

Answer 41

pinna

Question 42

Sensory receptors specialized to respond to light.

Answer 42

photoreceptors

Question 43

A perceptual phenomenon in which missing sounds are "filled in" by the brain based on knowledge of language.

Answer 43

phonemic restoration effect

Question 44

The processing and interpretation of sensory information into a form that can meaningfully guide behavioral decisions.

Answer 44

perception

Question 45

A set of three tiny bones that amplifies certain frequencies and relays them to the cochlea.

Answer 45

ossicles

Question 46

bundle of axons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.

Answer 46

optic

Question 47

A strip of tissue in the nasal cavity that contains the chemical sensory receptors that support the sense of smell.

Answer 47

olfactory epithelium

Question 48

A specialized brain structure at the bottom of the forebrain that receives the information from the olfactory epithelium.

Answer 48

oflactory bulb

Question 49

The sense of smell.

Answer 49

olfaction

Question 50

The perception of pain due to internal bodily damage.

Answer 50

nociception

Question 51

A cue to depth perception based on the fact that, when moving, objects that are closer to you change their position in the visual field more quickly than those that are further away.

Answer 51

motion parallax

Question 52

Sensory receptors specialized to respond to mechanical force.

Answer 52

mechanoreceptors

Question 53

The perception of how light or dark a surface is.

Answer 53

lightness

Question 54

A deep fissure that divides both the frontal and parietal lobes form the temporal lobe.

Answer 54

lateral sulcus

Question 55

a region in the occipital cortex that shows greatest activity when a subject is performing object-recognition tasks

Answer 55

lateral occupital cortex (LOC)

Question 56

an array of numbers that may be multiplied by the values of an image to produce an output number. In CNNs, these are used to detect the presence of image features.

Answer 56

kernels (or filters)

Question 57

A ring of colored muscle around the pupil that contracts or relaxes in order to determine the size of the pupil.

Answer 57

iris

Question 58

The sensing and processing of information from inside the body.

Answer 58

interoception

Question 59

A form of recognition that consists of determining whether a given image corresponds to a specific individual object or individual.

Answer 59

identification

Question 60

A type of mechanacoreceptors situated in the basilar membrane that are stimulated by vibrations in the fluid in the cochlea, which they convert into a neural signal that is sent to the brain.

Answer 60

hair cells

Question 61

A class of artificial neural networks that learn features that can appear in different locations in an image that are useful in order to recognize an image as being a member of a category.

Answer 61

convolutional neural networks(CNNs)

Question 62

A transparent rubbery layer of tissue at the front of the eyeball that bends light to focus it on the retina.

Answer 62

cornea

Question 63

A spatially organized map of the human body, contained within the somatosensory cortex, that processes touch information.

Answer 63

cortical homunculus

Question 64

A theoretical approach to perception that holds that the sensory stimuli be used to guide behavior in an action/perception loop.

Answer 64

direct perception

Question 65

A narrow tube following from the pinna that amplifies certain sound frequencies and transmits them to the eardrum.

Answer 65

ear canal

Question 66

A thin piece of tissue separating the ear canal from the inner ear that amplifies certain frequencies and passes them to a series of tiny bones called the ossicles.

Answer 66

eardrum

Question 67

The perception of bodily balance.

Answer 67

equilibrioception

Question 68

The sensing and processing of information from the external environment by the five basic senses: vision, audition, touch, taste, and smell.

Answer 68

exteroception

Question 69

A representation in a CNN of how much of a given feature is present across different locations in an image.

Answer 69

feature map

Question 70

The determination of which side of a boundary contains the shape versus the background.

Answer 70

figure-ground assignmnet

Question 71

A property of an image in which specific locations in the environment correspond to specific locations on the imaging device.

Answer 71

focus

Question 72

A depression in the retina that is densely packed with cone photoreceptors and is responsible for seeing detailed properties.

Answer 72

fovea

Question 73

A measure of the lengths of a wave defined as the distance between the crests of sequential waves.

Answer 73

frequency (wavelength)

Question 74

A region in the inferior temporal cortex that shows greatest activity when a subject is performing face-specific tasks.

Answer 74

fusiform face area (FFA)

Question 75

The ability for a computer to classify a broad class of different objects.

Answer 75

general recognition

Question 76

the sense of taste

Answer 76

gustation