Exam 2 Part 8

Question 1

What are the beginnings stuttering escape behaviors?

Answer 1

Head nod, squint eyes, fillers (“um”)

Question 2

Secondary behaviors of beginning stutter can be used anywhere in the stuttering process, but begin moving ____ to the front of the utterance

Answer 2

Closer

Question 3

What are the feelings/attitudes of beginning stuttering?

Answer 3

Child aware of stutter, fear, helpless, out of control, frustration, may complain but some may not believe that he/she can’t talk

Question 4

What are the underlying processes of beginning stuttering?

Answer 4

Increase in muscle tension and tempo

Question 5

What are the 2 hypotheses that explain beginning stuttering?

Answer 5

Fear and frustration force child to react with flight or fright response, limbic system activated by excess tension which causes freezing

Question 6

Responsible for move from “neutral” speaking to tense speaking, eliciting emotional response; tension spreads to more and more situations; explains core behaviors

Answer 6

Classical conditioning

Question 7

Responsible for increase in escape behaviors, escape behaviors begin to be generalized to before stuttering even occurs; explains secondary behaviors

Answer 7

Operant conditioning

Question 8

What is the average age range for intermediate stuttering?

Answer 8

Between 10 and 13

Question 9

What 2 emotions can be caused by intermediate stuttering?

Answer 9

Fear and avoidance

Question 10

True or false: In advanced stuttering it starts to change behavior, as in situations, people, where his/.her stuttering may be worse

Answer 10

False: Intermediate

Question 11

Stops airflow, voice, and/or movement (e.g. larynx, squeeze lips together, hold breath, push tongue against hard palate, etc.)

Answer 11

Blocks

Question 12

What are the main characteristics of intermediate stuttering?

Answer 12

Blocks, repetitions, prolongations,

Question 13

What are the secondary characteristics of intermediate stuttering?

Answer 13

Escape behaviors are more frequent, Avoids certain words or puts escape behaviors into play before word comes, Avoids certain situations, puts escape behaviors into play in anticipation of situation

Question 14

What are some examples of word and situation avoidances?

Answer 14

Substitution, circumlocution, postponements

Question 15

What are the feelings and attitudes towards intermediate stuttering?

Answer 15

Fear, embarrassment, shame, frustration, anxiety, negative feelings towards stuttering