Gerund And gerundive

Question 1

How to form the gerund

Nagda

Answer 1

N: infinitive
AGDA: present stem + nd + neuter endings of second declension
(-ie- appears before the -nd- for 3rd i-stems and 4th declension)
–only in singular

Deligere
Deligendum
Deligendi
Deligendo
Deligendo

Question 2

Grammatical function of the gerund

Answer 2

Verbal noun

• may control an object
• may be modified by an adverb
• intransitive verbs that govern the dative will do so in the gerund case Also

Question 3

Legendo legere discimus

Answer 3

We learn to read by (means of) reading

Ablative of means

Question 4

Cupidus legendi est

Answer 4

He is desirous of reading

Objective genitive -with cupidus-

Question 5

Duci libenter parendo fortiores fiemus

Answer 5

By obeying the leader willingly, We shall become stronger

Ablative of means; intransitive verb governing dative

Question 6

The Gerundive is

Answer 6

Verbal adjective

It is the future passive participle

Question 7

How is the gerundive formed

Answer 7

Present stem + nd + us/a/um

Deligendus -a -um

Question 8

governing an object

Answer 8

Gerund can govern an object

But a gerundive is better

Question 9

By reading books we learn to read

Answer 9

Gerund: libros legendo legere discimus

Better -> Gerundive: libris legendis legere discimus (by means of books to-be-read we learn to read)

Question 10

He is desirous of reading books

Answer 10

Gerund: cupidus libros legendi est

Better -> gerundive: cupidus librorum legendorum est (he is desirous of books to-be-read)

Question 11

How to express purpose with Gerund/Gerundive (“for the purpose of”)

Answer 11

Ad + accusative

Ad + accusative Gerund

Question 12

Ad legendum venit

Answer 12

He comes to reading
He comes for the purpose of reading
He comes in order to read

Question 13

He comes to read books

Answer 13

Gerund: ad legendum libros venit
Better (because gerund taking an object) -> gerundive: ad libros legendos venit (he comes for the purpose of reading books; he comes to books to-be-read)

Question 14

How to express “for the sake of” (purpose)

Answer 14

Genitive gerund + causa

Question 15

He comes for the sake of reading

Answer 15

Legendi causa venit (he comes to read)

Question 16

He comes for the sake of reading books

Answer 16

Gerund: Libros legendi causa venit (he comes to read books)
Better -> Gerundive: librorum legendorum causa venit (he comes to read books; he comes the sake of books to-be-read

Gerundive not used when governing neuter adjectives or pronouns

Question 17

Three ways of saying he comes to read books

Answer 17

Ad libros legendos venit
Librorum legendorum causa venit
Venit ut libros legat (he comes in order that he may read books)

Question 18

Why is there an exception for Gerundive being preferred to Gerund when governing an object

He comes to see many things

Answer 18

Exception: neuter adjectives and pronouns

Confusion in gender

1) Multa videndi causa venit
2) multorum videendorum causa venit
2: he comes to see many things/men, it is unclear whether gender is masculine or neuter

Question 19

When is the gerund needed

Answer 19

It is a verbal noun

Needed When the verbal noun (infinitive) is not functioning as the subject of a verb.

Question 20

Accusative of the gerund

Answer 20

Usually follows the preposition ad (sometimes ob)

This expresses purpose

Question 21

Genitive of the gerund

Answer 21

Depends on some abstract substantives (ars, occasio, facultas, potestas, studium, causa, initium, finis, signum, tempus) and on adjectives (peritus, cupidus, studiosus)
- these take a genitive

Question 22

The art of writing is learnt

Answer 22

Ars scribendi discitur

Question 23

Eager to go

Answer 23

Eundi studiosus

Question 24

Dative of the gerund

Answer 24

Used with a few
verbs: (operam do, diem statuo, comitia indico)
Adjectives: (idoneus, aptus, accomodatus, necessarius, par)
Substantives implying help, use, fitness

Question 25

Ablative of the gerund

Answer 25

Without preposition: instrument or cause

Or with In, ab, de, ex

Question 26

Main reasons gerundive is used rather than gerund

Answer 26

To avoid direct object with

• the dative of the gerund
• the accusative of the gerund with a preposition
• the ablative of the gerund with a preposition

With genitive and simple ablative you can find both gerund and gerundive indifferently….but gerundive is preferred

Question 27

Turn to gerundive

Libros legendo legere discimus (but this is fine)

Answer 27

Libris legendis legere discimus

Question 28

Turn to gerundive

Cupidus libros legendi est (but this is fine)

Answer 28

Cupidus librorum legendorum est

Question 29

Turn to gerundive

Spem vincendi hostem (but this is fine)

Answer 29

Spem vincendi hostis

Question 30

Turn to gerundive

Venit AD pacem PETENDUM (not ok)

Answer 30

Veni ad pacem petendum

Question 31

Turn to gerundive

Tempus ARANDO AGROS accomodatum (not ok)

Answer 31

Tempus AGRIS ARANDIS accomodatum

Question 32

Turn to gerundive

Brutus IN LIBERANDO patriam est interfectus

Answer 32

Brutus in liberanda patria est interfectus

Question 33

Even in the cases when the gerund shouldnt be used when is it still preferred

Answer 33

The object is a neuter pronoun or adjective

The gerundive construction involves genitive plurals

Question 34

Turn to GERUND

consilium alicuius rei faciendi (not ok)

Answer 34

Consilium aliquid faciendi

Question 35

Turn to GERUND

Amicorum videndorum causa venit (not ok)

Answer 35

Amicos videndi causa venit