Microbiology > #10-20 > Flashcards

#10-20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name for dental caries

A

Streptococcus mutants

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2
Q

What kind of infection is dental caries

A

Bacterial, gram (+) cocci in chains, facultative anaerobe, biofilm former

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3
Q

System for dental caries

A

Integumentary

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4
Q

S&S for dental caries

A

White spots->brown/black discoloration of teeth, tooth sensitivity to hot/cold/sweets, pain, cavities, bad breath

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5
Q

VF for dental carie

A

Strong biofilm formation (plaque)
Acid production from sugar ferm
Acid tolerance mechanisms
Polysaccharide storage
Toxins:mutacins

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6
Q

Reservoirs do dental caries

A

Oral cavity

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7
Q

Transmission for dental caries

A

Direct (saliva, kissing, utensils)
Vertical (mother to child)

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8
Q

Programs of entry and exit for dental caries

A

Entry: tooth surface (biofilm)
Exit: saliva, oral secretions

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9
Q

Diagnosis of dental caries

A

S&S
X-Rays
Gram (+) cocci in chains in plaque
Growth on mitis salivarius agar
PCR for S. Mutans genes

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10
Q

Prevention for dental caries

A

Oral hygiene
Limit sugar intake
Dental sealants
Dental
Visits

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11
Q

Treatment for dental caries

A

Removal of decayed areas & filling, root, canal, or extraction

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12
Q

Comp for dental caries

A

Pulpitis, periapical abscess, tooth loss, systemic spread -> endocarditis

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13
Q

Seq of dental caries

A

Chronic poor oral health, increased risk for cardiovascular disease disease, aspiration pneumonia in elderly/immunicompromised

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14
Q

Name for Gonococcal Gonorrhea (GU) & Opthalmia Neonatorum

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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15
Q

What type of infection is gonococcal gonorrhea & opthalmia neonatorum

A

Bacterial
Gram (-) diplococci (kidney bean shaped) , fastidious, oxidase, facultative intercellular in neutrophils

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16
Q

Systems affected by Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

Genitourinary (reproductive)

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17
Q

S&S for Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

Men- urethritis painful irination, purulent discharge
Women- cervicitis, pelvic pain, dysuria, vaginal discharge
Neonates-eye inflammation, swelling pus, risk of blindness

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18
Q

VF for Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

Pili (adhesion) outer membrane proteins, capsule like structures
Toxins: lipooligosaccharide (endotoxin)
Enzymes: IgA protease, B lactamase (penicillin resistance)

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19
Q

Reservoirs for Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

Humans only (urogenital tract)

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20
Q

Transmission Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

Sexual contact
Perinatal (birth canal -> neonatal eyes)

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21
Q

Portals of entry and exit Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

Entry: genital, rectal, pharyngeal mucosa, conjunctivitis
Exit: general secretions, ocular discharge

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22
Q

Diagnosis Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

S&S
Gram stain: gram - diplococcoi in neutrophils
Culture: Thayer-Martin (chocolate agar + antibiotics)
Glucose fermentation
NAAT PCR

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23
Q

Prevention for Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

Safe sex, partner screening, neonatal eye prophylaxis (erythromycin/tetracycline)

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24
Q

Treatment for Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum

A

Ceftriaxone (DOC), often aazithromycin

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25
Comp, for Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum
PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, prostatitis, epididymitis, infection, blindness
26
Seq for Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum
Chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ostrich arthritis, systemic infections
27
What is the most common STD worldwide
Gonococcal gonorrhea and opthalmia neonatorum
28
Name for Meningococcal meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
29
What kind of infection is Meningococcal meningiti
Bacterial Gram (-) diplococci, kidney bean shaped, facultative intercellular pathogen
30
System for Meningococcal meningiti
CNS
31
S&S for Meningococcal meningiti
High fever, server headaches, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting Rash: purpuric rash, severe hypotension, shock, organ failure
32
VF for Meningococcal meningiti
Polysaccharide capsule-> antiphagocytic Endotoxin-> lipooligosaccharides-> triggers inflammation and epithelium Porin proteins: resist complement mediated killing
33
Reservoirs for Meningococcal meningiti
Human nasopharynx 5-10% of population are asymptomatic carriers Crowded areas increase transmission
34
Transmission for Meningococcal meningiti
Person to person via respiratory droplets, required prolonged contact, not spread by casual contact or fomites
35
Diagnosis for Meningococcal meningiti
Acute onset fever, headache, rash, stiff neck, Lumbar puncture: CSF- high neutrophils Gram stain Culture: chocolate agar-Thayer Martin Maltise& glucose PCR
36
Treatment for Meningococcal meningiti
IV ceftriaxone or penicillin G, supportive therapy for shock Chemoprophylaxis for close contacts: rifampin, ciprofloxacilin
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Prevention for Meningococcal meningiti
Vaccination conjugate vaccine MenB vaccine, avoid close contact
38
Comp for Meningococcal meningiti
Septicemia, hemorrhage, shock, death
39
Seq for Meningococcal meningiti
Hearing loss , brain damage, neurological deficits, limb loss,
40
Name for Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Bacillus anthracis
41
Type of infection Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Bacterial zoonotic Gram (+) large rod endospore forming Aerobic Non mobile
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Is either cutaneous or pulmonary anthrax more deadly
Pulmonary
43
System for Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Cutaneous: integumentary Pulmonary: respiratory
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S&S fkr Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Cutaneous: painless papule- vesicle- black eschar, surrounding edema, minimal pus, fever Pulmonary: flu like symptoms, rapid progression, respiratory, distress, chest xray
45
VF Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Capsule: antiphagocytic Anthrax toxin complex: protective antigen - forms preform entry Edema, Letha factor, cell death Spores: highly resistant to heat, drying, disinfectants
46
Reservoirs for Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Soil, infected herbivores, animal products, buoterrorism
47
Transmission Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Cutaneous: contact w spore form contaminated animal products or soil Pulmonary: inhalation or spores, not person to person
48
Diagnosis for Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Gram psoitve rods Spore forming (non motile) Culture: non hemolytic on blood agar, Medusa head colonies Capsule demonstration: India ink stain, PCR, ELISA, toxin gene detection Chest xray
49
Treatment Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline combination w clindamycin or rifampin for systemic disease
50
Prevention Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Vaccin for high risk indivuals, proper handling of animal products, decontamination of spores, past exposure prophylaxis
51
Complications Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Cutaneous: may progress to septicemia if untreated Pulmonary: high fatality rate due to septic shock meningitis
52
Seq for Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary
Scarring, chronic fatigue, neurological deficits
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54
Name for Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Clostridium perfringene
55
What type of infection is Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Bacterial Gram (+) rod, endospore forming, anaerobic
56
System affected by Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Skeletal system
57
S&S Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Swelling, skin discoloration (bronze-purple/black) Crepitus (gas bubbles felt under skin) Discharge Necrotic tissue Fever Tachycardia Wound pain, tenderness
58
VF Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Exotoxins: a toxin (lecithinase-> lyses membranes & RBCS) B toxin: spore forming cytosine damage WBC Hyalurondiase & collagnesase (tissue) Spores
59
Reservoir Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Soil, dust, animal/human GI tract
60
Transmission Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Circulatory- contamination of wounds Noscomial can be possible Endogenous( GI flora enters deep tissu) Exogenous (spores from environment contaminate wounds) Opportunistic pathogen
61
Diagnosis Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
S&S Gram stain Few WBC Spores Anaerobic growth Catalase(-) Xray PCR for toxin genes ELISA for A toxin
62
Prevention for Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Proper wound cleaning, aseptic surgery, prophylactic antibiotics in high risk wounds No vaccine
63
Treatment Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Emergency surgical debridement/amputation, high dose IV penicillin G + Clindamycin Oxygen therapy
64
Comp Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Septic shock, tissue necrosis, massive hemolysis, multi organ failure, death
65
Seq Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
Limb loss, Permanent muscle/nerve damage Chronic infection rare
66
Name for Tetanus (Lockjaw)
Clostridium tetanus
67
Type of infection Tetanus ( lockjaw)
Bacterial Gram positive bacili Motile Rod shaped but when forming a spire Obligate anaerobe
68
System for Tetanus Lockjaw
Nervous system
69
S&S Tetanus Lockjaw
Stiff jaw neck, difficulty swallowing and breathing, painful muscle spasms, headaches, fever, sweating, high blood pressure, gas heart rate, uncontrolled keeping and pooling
70
VF Tetanus Lockjaw
Exotoxins= Tetanospasmin->AB exotoxin(neurotoxin) Tetanolysin: oxygen liable hemolysis that causes destruction of tissues by forming pores in cell membranes Spores& collagenes Enzymes: hemolysins, cysteine, proteases,
71
Reservoir Tetanus Lockjaw
Soil & dust, animal & human intestines, animal feces
72
Transmission Tetanus Lockjaw
Not person to person, contaminated wounds, puncture wounds, crush injuries, burns, frostbite, drug use, chronic skin condition , insect bites contaminated
73
Diagnosis Tetanus Lockjaw
S&S Physical examination Medics history Spatula test Vaccination status
74
Prevention Tetanus Lockjaw
Vaccine Booster shots: adults every 10 yr Pregnancy( vaccine during pregnancy)
75
Treatment Tetanus Lockjaw
Wound care, medications= antibiotics (metronidazole, muscle relaxer) Restbreshting suppor
76
Comp Tetanus Lockjaw
Respiratory failure, cardiovascular issues,broken bones, secondary infections, pulmonary embolism, brain damage
77
Seq Tetanus Lockjaw
Neurological consequences Postural hypotension Decreased libido Mental states Infants-> neurological disabilities
78
Name for C. diff
Clostridioides difficle
79
Type of infection C. diff
Bacterial Gram (+), obligate anaerobe bacillus, spore forming, motile
80
Main system C. diff
Gastrointestinal system (GI) Large intestine
81
S&S C. diff
Watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, dehydration, pseudomembrane formation in colon
82
VF C. diff
Endospore Exotoxins A Exotoxin B Hyaluronidase
83
Reservoirs C. diff
Soil, water, hospital environments, normal intestinal flora in some carriers
84
Transmission C. diff
Fecal oral, spore som surfaced,
85
Diagnosis C. diff
Diarrhea, stool, ELISA for toxins A and B , PCR for toxin genes, anaerobic culture on selective media CCFA agar Colonoscopy-> pseudomembrwane
86
Prevention C. diff
Handwashing, contact precautions, limit broad spectrum antibiotics, environmental decontamination
87
Treatment C. diff
Stop causative antibiotic, oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin, metronidazole sometimes, decal microbiota transplant
88
Comp C. diff
Recurrent infections, pseudomenbranes colitis, toxic mega colon, perforated colon, sepsis, death
89
Seq C. diff
Chronic colitis, multiple relapses, long term dysbiosis of gut microbiome
90
Name for Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
91
I hat type of infection Botulism
Bacterial intoxication gram (+) rod, spore forming, obligate anaerobe, soil & GI flora Produces neurotoxin (botulinum toxin)
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93
System Botulism
Nervous system
94
S&S Botulism
Foodborne: drooping eyelids, pupils dilated, slurred speech, paralysis, respiratory distress Blurred double vision, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, muscle weakness, abdominal pain Infant: loss of head control, poor muscle tone, weak cry, poor feeding
95
VF Botulism
Botulinum neurotoxin aka exotoxins: block acetycholine release, prevents nerve transmission Spores
96
Res Botulism
Soil, dust, animal intestines, contaminated food
97
Transmission Botulism
Foodborne: ingestion of performed toxin in improperly canned foods, preserved meats or fermented products exogenous Infant: ingestion of spores (honey or dust) germination in infant guts Exogenous Spores infect anaerobic wounds
98
Diagnosis Botulism
Mouse bioassay for toxin genes ELISA or PCR for toxin genes Couture from stool or wound Electronyograohy
99
Treatment Botulism
Antitoxin: derived antitoxin (adult) Human botulism immune globulin for infants Respiratory support Wound care No antibiotics for Foodborne
100
Prevention Botulism
Cool canned or preserved foods properly Don’t give honey to babies under 1 year old Keep wounds cleans and practice food hygiene
101
Name for Listeriosis
Listeria monocytogenes
102
Type of infection Listeriosis
Bacterial Gram (+) coccobacillus (rod shaped) Non encapsulated Non spore forming Faculatative anaerobe Motile at room temp
103
System Listeriosis
Nervous system
104
S&S Listeriosis
Diarrhea, vomiting, stiff neck, fever & chills, seizures, loss of balance, dying pregnancy & newborns- low birth weight, hypothermia
105
VF Listeriosis
Internalins (InIA AND inIB) for host attachment Listeriolysin O- for ohagosome escape Actin assembly inducing protein ( Act A) Phospholipases
106
Res Listeriosis
Human Can be asymptomatic vaginal carriage can occur in women Animal Environment
107
Transmission Listeriosis
Foodborne transmission Mother to fetus
108
Diagnosis
Blood cultures CSF fluid Stool cultures Gram stain rapid diagnostic tests Imaging studies CT MRI placenta cultures
109
Prevention Listeriosi
Hygiene, cook properly, wash produce, chill food properly
110
Treating Listeriosis
Antibiotics (ampicillin and gentamicin) Pregnancy (antibiotic treatment during pregnancy) Mild syspmtomd don’t need treating
111
Comp Listeriosis
Miscarriage Neonatal infection Premature birth Meningitis Sepsis Brain abscess Endocarditis Death
112
Seq Listeriosis
Neurological damage Development delays
113
Name for Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheria
114
Type of infection Diphtheria
Bacterial Gram (+) bacillus (rod shaped) Non acid fast Non encapsulated Non spore Non motile Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
115
System Diphtheria
Respiratory
116
S&S Diphtheria
Sore throat, thick and gray membrane in throat or nose, blisters, painful skin, fever and chills, difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
117
VF Diphtheria
Exotoxin: diphtheria toxin (inactivating elongation factor Adhesions & pilis Imvasivness
118
Res Diphtheria
Mainly humans Animals rare
119
Transmission Diphtheria
Respiratory droplets Direct contact Skin lesions Contaminated objects Contained milk
120
Diagnosis Diphtheria
Throat swab Bacterial culture Toxin yes PCR BLOOD TETS
121
Prevention Diphtheria
Vaccination Immunization Pregnancy get Tdap Contact precautions
122
Treatment Diphtheria
Diphtheria antitoxin Antibiotics penicillin erythromycin Supportive car
123
Comp Diphtheria
Respiratory obstruction Myocarditis Neuropathy Kidney damage
124
Seq Diphtheria
Cardiovascular issue ECG abnormalities Post diphtheria abnormalities Weakens immunity
125
Name for tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
126
Type of infection
Bacterial Acid fast bacillus (mycolic acid in wall) Non motile No spore Zoonotic
127
System Tuberculosis
Respiratory
128
S&S Tuberculosis
Often asymptomatic or mild flu symptoms Low fever, cough, fatigue, formation of Ghon complex
129
VF Tuberculosis
Mycolic acid: waxy coat: resists drying, disinfects, phagocytosis, triggers granules formation Suflatides: prevent phagolysosomal fusion Intercellular survival: macrophages Slow growth
130
131
Reservoirs Tuberculosis
Humans Cattle Transmission from active cases
132
Transmission Tuberculosis
Airborne droplets from coughing sneezing and talking Inhalation of droplet nuclei containing bacilli Not spread by surfaces or food
133
Diagnosis Tuberculosis
Skin test: manyoux (PPD)-> in duration Blood test Chest xray Sputum smear Culture PCR
134
Treatment Tuberculosis
RIPE therapy
135
Prevention Tuberculosis
BCG vaccine in endemic countries Early detection and treatment of active cases Airborne precautions in healthcare
136
Comp Tuberculosis
Primary tb: may heal become latent or progress Latent tb dormant can reactivate years later
137
P
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