1
Q
What is the causative agent of Chlamydial infections?
A
Chlamydia trachomatis
It is a Gram (-) obligate intracellular bacterium.
2
Q
Name the serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis and their associated conditions.
A
- D-K: urogenital infections, inclusion conjunctivitis
- A-C: trachoma (chronic eye infection)
- L1-L3: lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
Each serovar is associated with specific infections.
3
Q
What is the main host system for NGU and Conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia?
A
- NGU: urogenital tract (urethra, cervix, fallopian tubes, epididymis)
- Conjunctivitis: conjunctiva (mucous membrane of eye)
Can also infect rectum, throat, and newborn eyes.
4
Q
What are the symptoms of NGU in males?
A
- Dysuria
- Clear or mucopurulent urethral discharge
- Itching
- Burning
Females may be asymptomatic or experience cervicitis, pelvic pain, and abnormal discharge.
5
Q
What are the possible complications of NGU?
A
- Epididymitis
- Salpingitis
- Infertility
These complications can arise from untreated infections.
6
Q
What are the symptoms of Conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia?
A
- Red, swollen eyes
- Mucopurulent discharge
Newborns can acquire this from an infected birth canal.
7
Q
What is the biphasic life cycle of Chlamydia?
A
- Elementary Body (EB): infectious form
- Reticulate Body (RB): replicative form
EB enters the cell, while RB divides inside the host.
8
Q
What is the transmission route for NGU?
A
Sexually transmitted (vaginal, anal, oral sex)
Conjunctivitis can be transmitted perinatally or through autoinoculation.
9
Q
What is the gold standard for diagnosing Chlamydial infections?
A
Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)
Other methods include microscopy for intracellular inclusion bodies.
10
Q
What are the treatment options for Chlamydial infections?
A
- Azithromycin (single dose)
- Doxycycline (7 days)
- Oral erythromycin for newborn conjunctivitis
Sexual partners should be treated simultaneously.
11
Q
What is a key prevention method for Chlamydial infections?
A
- Safe sex
- Routine screening
- Erythromycin eye ointment at birth
Prenatal screening and treatment are also important.
12
Q
True or false: Chlamydia is the most common STD in the U.S.
A
TRUE
It is often asymptomatic in females and can co-infect with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
13
Q
What is a characteristic of Chlamydia regarding its cell wall?
A
Lack of peptidoglycan
This characteristic makes it resistant to lactam antibiotics.
14
Q
VF for chlamydial
A
Obligate intracellular growth: evades immune system
Biphasic life cycle: elementary body- infectious form- enters cell
Reticulate body: divides inside body
Inhibits ohaosome- lysosome fusion
No peotidoglycn
15
Q
What is walking (atypical) pneumoniae commonly associated with?
A
Mycoplasma pneumonia
No cell wall, pleonorohic, aerobe
It is referred to as walking pneumonia because patients often remain ambulatory despite the infection.
16
Q
What is the main host system affected by walking (atypical) pneumoniae?
A
Respiratory system
It affects the trachea, bronchi, and lungs (lower lobes) without significant involvement of alveoli.
17
Q
What are the common signs and symptoms of walking (atypical) pneumoniae infection?
A
- Gradual onset (1-3 weeks incubation)
- Persistent dry cough (nonproductive)
- Low grade fever
- Malaise
- Fatigue
- Sore throat
- Headache
- Chills
- Earache
- Muscle aches
Chest X-Ray may show diffuse interstitial infiltrates greater than clinical findings.
18
Q
What is the virulence factor of walking (atypical) pneumoniae?
A
Adhesion (P1 protein)
It attaches to respiratory epithelium cilia, interfaces with ciliary action, and produces hydrogen peroxide that damages epithelial cells.
19
Q
What is the reservoir for walking (atypical) pneumoniae?
A
Humans
It is the exclusive reservoir, with carriers often being asymptomatic.
20
Q
What is the transmission method for walking (atypical) pneumoniae?
A
Respiratory droplets
It spreads person to person, particularly in closed populations like schools and military barracks.
21
Q
What is the diagnostic method for walking (atypical) pneumoniae?
A
- Clinical suspicion
- Chest X-Ray
- Serology (cold agglutinin tests)
- PCR
- Culture (difficult)
Gram stain is negative due to the absence of a cell wall.
22
Q
What are the treatment options for walking (atypical) pneumoniae?
A
- Macrolides (azithromycin)
- Tetracyclines (doxycycline)
- Fluoroquinolones
No lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins) are effective due to the lack of a cell wall.
23
Q
What are the complications associated with walking (atypical) pneumoniae?
A
- Otitis media
- Encephalitis
- Erythema multiforme
- Hemolytic anemia
- Secondary bacterial infections (rare)
Usually self-limiting in healthy individuals.
24
Q
True or false: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia in young adults.
A
TRUE
Symptoms are milder than those of classic pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
25
What is a **hallmark lab clue** for walking (atypical) pneumoniae?
Cold agglutinins
## Footnote
Autoantibodies cause red blood cell agglutination in cold temperatures.
26
What are the **causal agents** of Tineg (Ringworm Infections)?
* Trichophyton spp.
* Microsporum spp.
* Epidermophyton floccosum
## Footnote
These are the dermatophytes responsible for superficial mycoses.
27
Define **Tineg**.
Fungal infection caused by keratinophilic fungi that infect keratinized tissues (skin, hair, nails)
## Footnote
Characterized by filamentous, septate hyphae and asexual spores (conidia).
28
What are the **types of Tinea infections** and their affected areas?
* Tinea capitis: scalp & hair shafts
* Tinea barbae: beard area
* Tinea corporis: body
* Tinea cruris: groin
* Tinea pedis: feet
* Tinea manuum: hands
* Tinea unguium: nails
## Footnote
Each type has distinct symptoms and affected areas.
29
What are the **symptoms and signs** (S&S) of Tineg?
* Circular, scaly red rashes
* Itching
* Flaking
* Cracked skin
* Blisters
* Hair loss or broken hairs
* Thickened, discolored, or brittle nails
* Odor (especially feet)
## Footnote
Symptoms vary depending on the type of Tineg infection.
30
What is the **transmission** method for Tineg?
* Direct contact (person-to-person, animal-to-person)
* Indirect contact (fomites: towels, combs, clothing)
* Autoinoculation (spread to other body sites)
## Footnote
Entry occurs through minor abrasions or skin breaks.
31
What are the **diagnostic methods** for Tineg?
* S&S observation
* Wood's lamp (fluorescence for Microsporum)
* KOH prep (hyphae visible)
* Fungal culture (Sabouraud agar)
* PCR testing
* Dermoscopy
## Footnote
These methods help confirm the presence of dermatophytes.
32
What are the **preventive measures** for Tineg?
* Maintain hygiene
* Keep skin dry
* Avoid sharing personal items (towels, combs, clothing)
* Disinfect contaminated surfaces
* Wear footwear in public showers
* Treat infected pets
* Use antifungal powders in humid areas
## Footnote
These practices help reduce the risk of infection.
33
What are the **treatment options** for Tineg?
* Topical antifungals (terbinafine, clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole)
* Oral antifungals for hair/nail infections (griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole)
## Footnote
Keeping the area clean, dry, and uncovered is also important.
34
True or false: **Tineg** can lead to chronic or recurrent infections.
TRUE
## Footnote
Long-term nail damage and persistent fungal reservoirs can lead to reinfection.
35
What is the **latency** characteristic of Tineg?
Fungal spores can persist dormant on skin, nails, hair, or environment for months
## Footnote
This can lead to reinfection or flare-ups.
36
Res for times
Humans, animals, soil
37
VF for times
Keratinases, proteases, elastases-> digest keratin and invade tissue
Arthroconidia= resistant spores survive on fomites
Biofilm formation
38
What is the **causal agent** of Histoplasmosis?
Histoplasma capsulatum
## Footnote
Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.
39
Histoplasmosis is classified as a **fungal infection**. What type of fungus is it?
Dimorphic fungus
## Footnote
It exists as a mold in the environment and as a yeast in the host.
40
At what temperature does Histoplasma capsulatum exist as a **mold**?
25°C
## Footnote
It transforms into yeast at 37°C.
41
What is the primary **system** affected by Histoplasmosis?
Respiratory system
## Footnote
It can also affect the lymphatic and reticuloendothelial systems.
42
What are the symptoms of **Pulmonary Histoplasmosis**?
* Flu-like illness
* Cough
* Fever
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate lung involvement.
43
What is a severe form of Histoplasmosis that affects multiple organs called?
Disseminated Histoplasmosis
## Footnote
Symptoms include fever, weight loss, and hepatosplenomegaly.
44
What are the rare manifestations of Histoplasmosis known as?
Cutaneous/Ocular
## Footnote
These can cause skin lesions and eye inflammation.
45
What is a common **symptom** of chronic or disseminated Histoplasmosis?
Night sweats
## Footnote
Other symptoms may include mouth ulcers and weight loss.
46
What is the **mode of transmission** for Histoplasmosis?
Inhalation of microconidia
## Footnote
These airborne spores come from disturbed contaminated soil.
47
What is the **diagnostic method** for Histoplasmosis that involves imaging?
Chest X-ray/CT
## Footnote
These can show granulomas and calcifications.
48
What type of **treatment** is recommended for moderate to severe cases of Histoplasmosis?
* Antifungals (itraconazole, amphotericin B, ketoconazole)
* Supportive care
## Footnote
Mild cases may self-resolve.
49
What are some **risk factors** for developing severe Histoplasmosis?
* Immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS, transplants)
* Infants
* Elderly
* Outdoor workers
## Footnote
These groups are more susceptible to severe infections.
50
True or false: Histoplasmosis can be transmitted from person to person.
FALSE
## Footnote
The spores are environmental only and not contagious.
51
What is a key **preventive measure** to avoid Histoplasmosis?
Avoid bird/bat droppings
## Footnote
Using masks during excavation and controlling dust in endemic areas is also recommended.
52
Res for histoplasmosis
Soil enriched w bird or bat droppings
53
VF histoplasmosis
Thermal dimorphism (mol-yeast)
Survival inside macrophages
Calcium binding protein
54
What is **Coccidioidomycosis** also known as?
San Joaquin Valley Fever
## Footnote
Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii.
55
What type of organism causes **Coccidioidomycosis**?
Fungal infection
## Footnote
It is a dimorphic fungus that exists as a mold in the environment and as spherules in the host.
56
What are the **causal agents** of Coccidioidomycosis?
* Coccidioides immitis
* Coccidioides posadasii
## Footnote
These fungi are responsible for the infection.
57
What is the **primary system** affected by Coccidioidomycosis?
Respiratory system
## Footnote
The infection may spread to skin, bones, joints, and meninges in disseminated cases.
58
What are the symptoms of **Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis**?
* Flu-like illness
* Cough
* Chest pain
## Footnote
These symptoms are indicative of lung involvement.
59
What are the symptoms of **Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis**?
* Skin lesions
* Bone pain
* Meningitis
## Footnote
This form affects multiple organs.
60
List some **common symptoms** of Coccidioidomycosis.
* Fever
* Cough
* Chest pain
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Joint pain
* Night sweats
* Rash (erythema nodosum)
## Footnote
Severe cases may lead to weight loss, hemoptysis, skin ulcers, and meningitis.
61
What is the **transmission route** for Coccidioidomycosis?
Inhalation of airborne arthroconidia
## Footnote
Transmission occurs from disturbed contaminated soil; it is not person-to-person.
62
What are the **diagnostic methods** for Coccidioidomycosis?
* Symptoms and signs (S&S)
* Chest X-ray (nodules/cavities)
* Serology (IgM/IgG antibodies)
* Fungal culture (dimorphic growth)
* Biopsy (spherules with endospores)
* Skin test (coccidioidin or spherulin)
* PCR
## Footnote
These methods help confirm the diagnosis.
63
What are some **preventive measures** for Coccidioidomycosis?
* Avoid exposure to dusty environments
* Use masks during excavation or dust storms
* Wet soil before digging
* Close windows during dust storms
## Footnote
There is no vaccine available for prevention.
64
What are the **treatment options** for severe or disseminated Coccidioidomycosis?
* Antifungals (fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B)
* Supportive care for chronic infections
## Footnote
Mild cases are often self-limiting.
65
What are the **risk factors** for Coccidioidomycosis?
* Immunosuppression
* Pregnancy
* Elderly
* Outdoor workers (farmers, construction)
* Dust exposure
## Footnote
Geographical areas include the Southwestern U.S. and parts of Mexico and Central/South America.
66
What is the **environmental resilience** of Coccidioides spores?
Spores survive for long periods in dry, alkaline soil
## Footnote
They are resistant to heat and desiccation.
67
Res coccidiomycosis San Joaquin valley fever
Soil
68
VF coccidiomycosis San Joaquin valley fever
Thermal dimorphism, arthrocandida(resistant spores)
Spherule formation( protests spores)
Urease enzyme(damage to tissue)
Proteases
Resistant to phagocytosis
69
What is the scientific name for **Candida** that causes opportunistic mycosis?
Candida albicans (also C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei)
## Footnote
These species are responsible for various fungal infections.
70
What type of cells does **Candida** form in tissues?
* Oval budding cells
* Pseudohyphae
* True hyphae
## Footnote
Candida is dimorphic, meaning it can exist in multiple forms.
71
Which systems or tissues can be affected by **Candida** infections?
Integumentary and mucous
## Footnote
In severe cases, candidiasis can spread to vital organs.
72
What are the **signs** of Oral Thrush caused by **Candida**?
* White, creamy plaques on tongue, gums, inner cheeks
* Redness
* Cracks at mouth corners
## Footnote
Symptoms include soreness, burning, and difficulty swallowing.
73
What are the **symptoms** of Vaginal Candidiasis?
* Itching
* Burning
* Pain during urination or sex
## Footnote
Signs include thick, white 'cottage cheese' discharge and vulvar redness.
74
What are the **signs** of Cutaneous (Skin/Nails) candidiasis?
* Red rash with satellite lesions in moist areas (skin folds, diaper area)
## Footnote
Symptoms may include fever, chills, and sepsis-like symptoms in bloodstream infections.
75
What are the **virulence factors** (VF) of **Candida**?
* Adhesins (attach to epithelial & endothelial cells)
* Hyphae & pseudohyphae formation
* Biofilm formation
* Secreted aspartyl proteases & phospholipases
* Phenotypic switching (yeast/hyphae)
* Mannan & B-glucan cell wall components
## Footnote
These factors aid in tissue invasion and immune evasion.
76
What is the **reservoir** (RES) for **Candida**?
Normal flora of humans (mouth, GI tract, vagina, skin)
## Footnote
**Candida** can overgrow when the immune system is compromised.
77
What are the two modes of **transmission** (TRANS) for **Candida**?
* Endogenous (overgrowth of normal flora)
* Exogenous (contact with contaminated surfaces or birth canal)
## Footnote
Opportunistic infections are not typically communicable.
78
What diagnostic methods are used for **Candida** infections?
* Microscopy (budding yeast & pseudohyphae on KOH prep)
* Gram stain (Gram + budding yeast)
* Culture on Sabouraud agar
* Germ tube test (positive for C. albicans)
* CHROMagar for species ID
* Blood cultures for systemic infection
## Footnote
These methods help identify the presence and type of **Candida**.
79
What are the **preventive measures** for **Candida** infections?
* Maintain normal microbiota
* Avoid unnecessary antibiotics
* Control diabetes & immunosuppression
* Good oral & genital hygiene
* Prophylactic antifungals in high-risk patients
## Footnote
These measures help reduce the risk of infection.
80
What are the **treatment options** for **Candida** infections?
* Oral/Topical: Nystatin suspension, Clotrimazole troches, Miconazole
* Vaginal: Azole antifungals (Fluconazole)
* Systemic: IV Amphotericin B, Echinocandins (Caspofungin, Micafungin), or Fluconazole
## Footnote
Treatment depends on the strain and resistance.
81
What are the **complications** associated with **Candida** infections?
* Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
* Esophageal strictures
* Invasive candidemia (sepsis, endocarditis, organ abscesses, death)
## Footnote
Recurrent infections are common in immunocompromised or diabetic patients.
82
What does **latency** refer to in the context of **Candida** infections?
Colonization persists; can reactivate with immune suppression or antibiotic use
## Footnote
This means that even after treatment, **Candida** can remain in the body and cause future infections.
83
What is the causative agent of **Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)**?
Pneumocystis jirovecii
## Footnote
It is a yeast-like fungus and an obligatory human parasite.
84
What type of organism is **Pneumocystis jirovecii**?
Opportunistic, yeast-like fungus, unicellular eukaryote
## Footnote
It lacks ergosterol in its cell membrane and is non-filamentous.
85
What systems or tissues does **Pneumocystis jirovecii** primarily affect?
* Respiratory tract
* Alveoli
* Interstitial lung tissue
## Footnote
It can also affect the circulatory system in severe cases.
86
What are the **signs and symptoms** of Pneumocystis pneumonia?
* Dry cough
* Tachypnea
* Hypoxia
* Cyanosis
* Fever
* Diffuse bilateral infiltrates
* Weight loss
## Footnote
Symptoms include progressive shortness of breath, fatigue, chest tightness, malaise, and night sweats.
87
What is the **virulence factor** of Pneumocystis jirovecii that mediates adhesion?
Surface glycoprotein (Msg)
## Footnote
It also has B-glucans in the cyst wall that trigger inflammation and resist phagocytosis.
88
How is **Pneumocystis jirovecii** transmitted?
Airborne inhalation of cysts from infected individuals
## Footnote
Humans are asymptomatic carriers of the fungus.
89
What is the **diagnosis** method for Pneumocystis pneumonia?
* S&S + imaging
* Microscopic ID from induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage
* PCR for P. jirovecii DNA
* Chest X-ray or CT
## Footnote
Special stains like silver stain can be used to identify cysts.
90
What is the **first-line treatment** for Pneumocystis pneumonia?
High-dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
## Footnote
Alternative treatments include Pentamidine, Atovaquone, or Clindamycin + Primaquine.
91
What is the **mortality rate** for untreated Pneumocystis pneumonia?
Up to 100%
## Footnote
The mortality rate is 20-40% if treated.
92
What is a **complication** of Pneumocystis pneumonia?
* Severe hypoxemia
* Acute respiratory failure
* ARDS
* Pneumothorax
* Death
## Footnote
These complications are especially prevalent in AIDS patients.
93
What is the **incubation period** for Pneumocystis pneumonia?
3-12 weeks
## Footnote
It can remain latent or colonize lungs asymptomatically.
94
True or false: **Pneumocystis jirovecii** can be cultured on ordinary media.
FALSE
## Footnote
It cannot be cultivated on ordinary media.
95
What is the **cause** of **Red Tide**?
Algal bloom of **Karenia brevis** (dinoflagellate)
## Footnote
Red Tide is a harmful algal bloom that can produce neurotoxins affecting marine life and humans.
96
What are the **primary systems** affected by **algae intoxication**?
* Central nervous system
* Respiratory system
* Gastrointestinal tract
* Skin
* Eyes
* Liver
* Immune system
* Reproductive system
* Cardiovascular system
* Neurologic system
## Footnote
These systems can experience various symptoms due to exposure to neurotoxins from Red Tide.
97
List the **symptoms** associated with **Red Tide** exposure.
* Coughing
* Sneezing
* Shortness of breath
* Irritation of eyes, nose, throat
* Rash
* Asthma attacks
## Footnote
These symptoms can occur due to inhalation of aerosols or direct contact with contaminated water.
98
What are the **symptoms** of **neurotoxins** from Red Tide?
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Stomach pain
* Dizziness
* Numbness
* Hot & cold sensation
## Footnote
These symptoms can arise from ingestion of contaminated shellfish.
99
How do humans typically **contract neurotoxins** from Red Tide?
* Ingestion (eating shellfish)
* Inhalation (breathing in sea spray)
* Skin contact with contaminated water
## Footnote
These routes of exposure can lead to neurotoxic effects.
100
What is the **diagnosis** for Red Tide exposure?
* Symptoms and signs
* Recent history of exposure to contaminated shellfish or inhaled aerosols
* Shellfish testing (ELISA and HPLC)
## Footnote
Diagnosis involves assessing exposure history and testing for toxins.
101
What are some **preventive measures** to avoid Red Tide exposure?
* Stay away from beaches during a bloom
* Avoid consumption of shellfish from affected areas
* Purchase shellfish from trusted sources
* Keep windows and doors shut to prevent airborne toxins
* Follow public health advisories
* Avoid swimming or exercising near affected coasts
## Footnote
These measures can help reduce the risk of exposure to harmful algal blooms.
102
True or false: **Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)** is chronic and has latency.
FALSE
## Footnote
NSP is associated with acute respiratory irritation and does not have chronic effects or latency.
103
What are the **risk factors** for severe effects from Red Tide exposure?
* Elderly people
* Young children
* Individuals with neurological or respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma)
* Consumption of shellfish harvested illegally from closed areas
## Footnote
Certain populations are more vulnerable to the effects of neurotoxins.
104
Where are the geographical locations most affected by **Red Tide**?
* Gulf of Mexico
* Particularly off the coast of Florida
## Footnote
These areas are known for frequent occurrences of harmful algal blooms.
105
What is the **nature** of neurotoxins produced by some dinoflagellate species?
* Lipid-soluble toxins
* Cause food poisoning with neurological symptoms
## Footnote
These toxins can have severe effects on both marine life and humans.
106
Nane for red tide neurotoxins
Karenia brevis
107
VF for red tide
Neurotoxins= brevetoxins-> lipid soluble toxins
108
Res red tide
Marine environment- algal bloom
Neurotoxin: shellfish
109
What is **Amoebiasis** also known as?
Amoebic Dysentery
## Footnote
Caused by the parasite *Entamoeba histolytica*.
110
What type of organism is **Entamoeba histolytica**?
Protozoan Infection
## Footnote
It is a single-celled amoeba.
111
What are the two forms of **Entamoeba histolytica**?
* Resistant cyst
* Trophozoite form
## Footnote
The trophozoite form is 10-60 um in diameter and motile.
112
What systems/tissues does **Amoebiasis** primarily affect?
Gastrointestinal tract
## Footnote
It causes ulcers and inflammation in the large intestine.
113
What are the common **symptoms** of Amoebiasis?
* Cramping (abdominal pain)
* Diarrhea (sometimes with rectal bleeding)
* Fever
* Loose stools
* Nausea
* Weight loss
* Excessive gas
* Fatigue
## Footnote
The stool color may not change, but stools may be watery.
114
What is the **virulence factor** of *Entamoeba histolytica* that aids in adhesion?
Gal/GalNAc lectin
## Footnote
It binds to host cell surface sugars.
115
What is the unique killing mechanism of *Entamoeba histolytica* called?
Trogocytosis
## Footnote
It 'bites' off and engulfs pieces of the host cell to kill it and acquire nutrients.
116
How is **Amoebiasis** primarily transmitted?
* Fecal-oral route
* Contaminated food and water
* Person-to-person contact
* Sexual contact (oral-anal)
* Mechanical vectors (flies and cockroaches)
## Footnote
Entry occurs through the mouth or anal/oral contact.
117
What are the **diagnostic methods** for Amoebiasis?
* Physical examination
* Sexual history
* Recent travel history
* Stool samples (most common)
* Stool antigen tests
* Stool PCR
* Serological tests (ELISA & IHA)
* Blood tests for severe infections
* Colonoscopy
* Ultrasound
* CT scan/chest X-ray
## Footnote
Stool samples are examined under a microscope.
118
What are some **preventive measures** against Amoebiasis?
* Good hygiene
* Safe food and water practices
* Safe sex (using condoms)
* Sanitation
## Footnote
Includes washing fruits and vegetables and drinking boiled or bottled water.
119
What are some **treatment options** for Amoebiasis?
* Antibiotics (metronidazole, iodoquinol, paromomycin, tinidazole, nitazoxanide)
* Supportive care (rehydration, medication for nausea)
* Surgery in rare cases with abscesses
## Footnote
Follow-up care is also important.
120
What are some **complications** of Amoebiasis?
* Death
* Anemia
* Liver abscess
* Lung amebiasis
* Peritonitis
* Fulminant colitis
* Toxic megacolon
* Ameboma
* Perforation
* Pericarditis
* Cerebral amoebiasis
* Rare cases of amoebic brain abscess and pericarditis
## Footnote
These complications can be severe and life-threatening.
121
What are the **risk factors** for Amoebiasis?
* Pregnant or postpartum
* Newborns and young children
* Young adults (18 to 50 years)
* Higher chances in males (18-29, 40-49)
* Higher mortality rate in those over 40
* Cancer
* Poor nutrition
* Corticosteroid use
## Footnote
Geographical locations include regions with poor sanitation, tropical and subtropical climates.
122
Where is **Amoebiasis** most commonly endemic?
* Central and South America (especially Mexico)
* Africa (sub-Saharan)
* Asia (including India)
## Footnote
Incidence is also seen in developed countries, mostly among immigrants.
123
Res for amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
Primarily humans- can be infected & pass the parasite to others
Certain animals like dogs, pigs and non human primates
124
What is the **causative agent** of Giardiasis (Beaver Fever)?
Giardia lamblia
## Footnote
Also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis.
125
Describe the **life stages** of Giardia.
* Trophozoite form (mobile)
* Cyst form (environmentally resistant)
## Footnote
The life cycle includes a cyst stage.
126
Which **system** is primarily affected by Giardiasis?
Digestive system
## Footnote
Specifically targets the small intestine.
127
What are the **common symptoms** of Giardiasis?
* Diarrhea (loose & watery, sometimes greasy & foul-smelling)
* Gas & bloating
* Stomach cramps
* Nausea
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
## Footnote
Symptoms can vary in severity.
128
What are the **structural factors** associated with Giardia?
* a-tubulin
* B-tubulin
## Footnote
These factors contribute to the organism's structure and function.
129
How is Giardiasis primarily **transmitted**?
* Feces
* Contaminated water (most common)
* Person-to-person contact
* Contaminated food (less common)
* Contaminated surfaces & objects
* Sexual contact
## Footnote
Beavers are a well-known source of contamination.
130
What is the **primary method** for diagnosing Giardiasis?
Stool samples
## Footnote
Other methods include microscopy, antigen tests (ELISAs), and molecular tests (NAATS or PCR).
131
What are some **preventive measures** against Giardiasis?
* Drink safe water
* Good hygiene
* Proper sanitation
* Safe sex
* Avoid contaminated water
## Footnote
Avoid swallowing water in pools, lakes, and ponds.
132
What are the **treatment options** for Giardiasis?
* Antibiotics (metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide)
* Severe cases: rehydration, antidiarrheal medications
## Footnote
Treatment may vary based on severity.
133
What are some **risk factors** for Giardiasis?
* Children under age 10
* Anal sex
* Foreign travelers
* Geographical location (global in temperate & tropical regions)
## Footnote
Higher incidence in areas with poor sanitation.
134
What is the **latency period** for symptoms to appear after exposure to Giardia?
Average 7 to 10 days (can range from 3 to 15 days or longer)
## Footnote
Asymptomatic carriers can exist.
135
True or false: Giardiasis is commonly referred to as **Beaver Fever** due to beavers being a source of the parasite.
TRUE
## Footnote
Contaminated water sources from beavers are a significant risk.
136
What are some **complications** associated with Giardiasis?
* Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
* Reactive arthritis
* Lactose intolerance
* Chronic fatigue syndrome
* Failure to thrive in children
## Footnote
These complications may arise from malabsorption and nutrient deficiencies.
137
Reported cases of Giardiasis in 2021 were approximately _______.
14,860
## Footnote
This statistic reflects the prevalence of the infection.
138
Type of infection Giardiasis beaver fever
Protozoan
Pear shaped
Motile
2 lg nuclei
139
VF Giardiasis beaver fever
A tubulin & b: excreted and secreted factors
Extra cellular vesicles
140
Res Giardiasis beaver fever
Humans, animals beaver
141
Transmission Giardiasis beaver fever
Feces contaminated water
Person to person
Contaminated food
142
What is the causative agent of **Trichomoniasis**?
Trichomonas vaginalis
## Footnote
It is a protozoan, pear-shaped, flagellated, anaerobic organism.
143
Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral **STI** worldwide. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
It is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection.
144
In females, Trichomoniasis primarily infects the **vagina** and **urethra**. What are the primary sites of infection in males?
* Urethra
* Prostate
## Footnote
It infects the squamous epithelium of the urogenital tract.
145
What is the **trophic stage** of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Trophozoite stage
## Footnote
There is no cyst stage in Trichomoniasis.
146
List the **symptoms** of Trichomoniasis in females.
* Vaginal itching
* Burning
* Dysuria
* Frothy, green-yellow vaginal discharge with fishy odor
* Strawberry cervix (punctate hemorrhages)
## Footnote
Vaginal pH is greater than 4.5.
147
In males, Trichomoniasis is often **asymptomatic**. What are some possible symptoms?
* Urethritis
* Dysuria
* Thin discharge
## Footnote
Asymptomatic carriers are common, especially in men.
148
What are the **virulence factors** of Trichomonas vaginalis?
* Flagella: motility, tissue attachment
* Adhesins: adherence to urogenital epithelium
* Cytotoxic proteins: epithelial damage, inflammation
* Immune evasion: antigenic variation
## Footnote
The organism has no cyst stage, which helps it avoid immune recognition.
149
What is the **reservoir** for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Humans only
## Footnote
Infected individuals can be symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers.
150
How is Trichomoniasis primarily **transmitted**?
Sexual contact (vaginal intercourse most common)
## Footnote
Fomites are possible but rare; vertical transmission during birth is also rare.
151
What is the **gold standard** for diagnosing Trichomoniasis?
Wet mount microscopy: motile, flagellated trophozoites
## Footnote
Other diagnostic methods include NAAT and vaginal pH testing.
152
What is the recommended **treatment** for Trichomoniasis?
* Metronidazole (single oral dose)
* Tinidazole
## Footnote
Both patient and sexual partners should be treated to prevent reinfection.
153
List some **complications** associated with Trichomoniasis.
* Increased risk of HIV transmission
* Pelvic inflammatory disease in females
* Preterm delivery
* Low birth weight in pregnancy
## Footnote
Asymptomatic carriers can persist for months.
154
True or False: Trichomoniasis has a true latency period due to a cyst form.
FALSE
## Footnote
There is no cyst form, but asymptomatic carriers are common.
155
Symptoms of Trichomoniasis are often worse after/during **menstruation** due to what changes?
pH changes
## Footnote
Co-infections with other STIs are common, leading to dual testing.
Microbiology
flashcards
Decks in class (36)
# Cards
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Chemistry & Biochemistry49
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Ch 8 Metabolic109
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Ch. 13 Microbes131
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Ch, 4 Prokaryotes54
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Midterm Prep214
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Ch 189
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Ch. 2104
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Ch. 489
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Practice Test140
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Scientific Disease Names10
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Euk Vs Prok167
-
DNA Rep27
-
Lab Practicum19
-
Ch. 5 Eukaryotes245
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Ch. 6147
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Ch. 9386
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Test 2 Review132
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#11-51 Cards31
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Ch. 7285
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Ch. 11349
-
Ch. 12415
-
Extra 12450
-
Lab Review128
-
Lec 3 Review64
-
Ch 1456
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Disease Cards 21-28, 52-6825
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Disease Card Quiz177
-
Ch. 15315
-
Ch. 16319
-
Final Study Guide174
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#10-20137
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#21-31169
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#32-43155
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#44-54160
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#55-68211
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Ch 1748
