Microbiology > Lec 3 Review > Flashcards

Lec 3 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main microbial control terms?

A
  • Sanitation
  • Prophylaxis
  • Vaccination
  • Disinfection
  • Antisepsis
  • Chemotherapy
  • Cidal/Static
  • Narrow/Broad spectrum action
  • Sterilization

The role of endospores is significant in sterilization as they are highly resistant to many control methods.

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2
Q

What factors can interfere with microbial control?

A
  • Environmental conditions
  • Microbial resistance
  • Contact time
  • Penetrating power

Practical concerns for health workers include understanding these factors for successful infection control.

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3
Q

Do microbes vary in their response to external control methods?

A

Yes

Microbial variation is due to differences in structure, metabolism, and genetic factors.

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4
Q

What do we mean by contact time and penetrating power?

A
  • Contact time: Duration of exposure to a control method
  • Penetrating power: Ability of a control method to reach microorganisms

Both factors are crucial for effective microbial control.

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5
Q

What are the main cell targets for antimicrobial treatments?

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
  • Endospores
  • Cysts
  • Eggs
  • Spores
  • Viruses

Effectiveness varies based on the target cell type.

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6
Q

When will antimicrobial treatments be most/least effective?

A
  • Most effective: When targeting actively dividing cells
  • Least effective: Against dormant forms like spores

The state of the microorganism influences treatment success.

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7
Q

List the main methods of physical control.

A
  • Mechanical
  • Heat (wet/dry)
  • Cold
  • Osmotic pressure manipulation
  • Filtration
  • Radiation (ionizing/non-ionizing)

Each method has specific examples and environmental conditions for use in microbiology and hospitals.

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8
Q

What are the main types of chemical control?

A
  • Halogens
  • Phenolics
  • Chlorhexidine
  • Alcohols
  • H₂O₂
  • Soaps/detergents
  • Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)
  • Heavy metals
  • Aldehydes
  • Ethylene oxide gas
  • Food preservatives
  • Organic acids

Each type has specific chemical examples and modes of action.

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9
Q

Which chemicals are sporicidal?

A
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Ethylene oxide

Not all chemicals are effective against spores; some are toxic to humans and wildlife.

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10
Q

Which chemicals are toxic (to humans & wildlife)?

A
  • Heavy metals
  • Aldehydes

Some chemicals are inactivated by organic matter and do not kill cysts.

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11
Q

Which chemicals are persistent leading to increasing pathogen resistance?

A
  • Quaternary ammonium compounds
  • Phenolics

Persistent chemicals can lead to resistance in pathogens over time.

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12
Q

Which chemicals are oligodynamic?

A
  • Heavy metals

Oligodynamic action refers to the ability of metals to exert antimicrobial effects at low concentrations.

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13
Q

Which chemicals are more effective when diluted?

A
  • Alcohols
  • Chlorhexidine

Dilution can enhance the efficacy of certain antimicrobial agents.

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14
Q

Which chemicals are good against anaerobes?

A
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Chlorhexidine

These chemicals can effectively target anaerobic microorganisms.

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15
Q

Do drugs have to kill in order to be effective chemotherapy agents?

A

No

Drugs can be effective by inhibiting the growth of pathogens rather than killing them.

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16
Q

What are the main microbial control terms?

A
  • Synthetic drugs
  • Semi-synthetic drugs
  • 2nd generation drugs
  • 3rd generation drugs
  • 4th generation drugs
  • Antibiotics
  • Antifungals
  • Antiprotozoans
  • Antihelminths
  • Antivirals

These terms distinguish between different types of antimicrobial agents.

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17
Q

How do microbiologists determine drug toxicity?

A
  • Host versus pathogen
  • Method of drug administration (oral, parenteral, IV, intramuscular, topical)

Understanding the interaction between the drug, host, and pathogen is crucial for determining toxicity.

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18
Q

Give a brief history of chemotherapy discoveries.

A
  • Ehrlich
  • Fleming
  • Sulfas
  • Florey & Chain
  • Waksman

These individuals contributed significantly to the development of chemotherapy.

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19
Q

How are antimicrobials evaluated?

A
  • Phenol coefficient test
  • MIC/MBC
  • Kirby-Bauer/E-test

These methods assess the effectiveness of antimicrobials against pathogens.

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20
Q

Which antimicrobial evaluation methods use paper discs/strips on plates?

A

Kirby-Bauer/E-test

These methods involve measuring the zone of inhibition around the discs.

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21
Q

Which antimicrobial evaluation methods are broth dilutions?

A

MIC/MBC

These methods determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration.

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22
Q

What do the letters R, I, and S signify in antimicrobial evaluation?

A
  • R: Resistant
  • I: Intermediate
  • S: Susceptible

These classifications indicate the effectiveness of an antimicrobial against a specific pathogen.

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23
Q

Why would a physician prescribe a broad spectrum drug?

A

To target a wide range of pathogens

Broad spectrum drugs can be useful in treating infections caused by multiple types of bacteria.

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24
Q

What is a potential issue with broad spectrum drugs?

A

Superinfections & overgrowths by opportunists

These drugs can disrupt normal flora, leading to secondary infections.

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25
Where do **antibiotics** come from?
* Bacteria * Fungi ## Footnote Common sources include genera such as Streptomyces and Penicillium.
26
Which antimicrobials target **cell walls**?
* IBPVC ## Footnote Examples include penicillins and cephalosporins.
27
Which antimicrobials target **cell membranes**?
* P-B * PANAK ## Footnote Examples include polymyxins and amphotericin B.
28
Which antimicrobials target **protein synthesis - translation**?
* A-S * T * C * ME-C * A ## Footnote Examples include aminoglycosides and tetracyclines.
29
Which antimicrobials target **nucleic acid synthesis**?
* RNA=R * DNA=Q-C * F=F ## Footnote Examples include rifampin and quinolones.
30
Which antimicrobials target **metabolism**?
* ST * F=G ## Footnote Examples include sulfonamides and trimethoprim.
31
What drugs are used against **malarial parasites**?
* Q * CP ## Footnote Common treatments include quinine and chloroquine.
32
Give examples of **Antihelminthic drugs**.
* MPPN ## Footnote Typical targets include roundworms and flatworms.
33
What are the main **antiviral targets**?
* Viral entry * Uncoating * Exit * Synthesis * Assembly ## Footnote These targets are crucial for disrupting the viral life cycle.
34
What is the significance of **AZT** and **acyclovir**?
They are examples of antiviral drugs ## Footnote AZT is used for HIV, while acyclovir is used for herpes viruses.
35
What do **amantadine** and **Tamiflu** do to a virus?
They inhibit viral replication ## Footnote Amantadine targets influenza A, while Tamiflu targets neuraminidase.
36
What is **combo therapy**?
Using multiple drugs together ## Footnote This approach can enhance treatment efficacy and reduce resistance.
37
Give an example of an **over-the-counter combo-therapy drug**.
Example: Cold medications ## Footnote These often combine antihistamines, decongestants, and pain relievers.
38
Give an example of a drug that was specifically designed to be **synergistic**.
Example: Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim ## Footnote This combination enhances antibacterial activity.
39
What are the **main genetic mechanisms** of antimicrobial resistance?
* Mutation * Horizontal gene transfer * Plasmid acquisition ## Footnote These mechanisms allow bacteria to adapt and survive against antimicrobial agents.
40
What **human behaviors** are leading to an increase in antimicrobial resistance?
* Overuse of antibiotics * Inappropriate prescribing * Poor infection control practices * Lack of hygiene ## Footnote These behaviors contribute to the selection of resistant strains of bacteria.
41
What **medical practices** are contributing to antimicrobial resistance?
* Excessive use of antimicrobials in healthcare * Use of antimicrobials in agriculture * Incomplete courses of treatment ## Footnote These practices can promote the development and spread of resistant bacteria.
42
What does **MDR** stand for?
Multidrug-resistant ## Footnote MDR refers to bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs.
43
What does **MRSA** stand for?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ## Footnote MRSA is a type of bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics, making it difficult to treat.
44
What can be done to **combat antimicrobial resistance** in the future?
* Improved antibiotic stewardship * Development of new antimicrobials * Enhanced infection prevention measures * Public education ## Footnote These strategies aim to reduce the incidence of resistance and improve treatment outcomes.
45
Is the **development of new antimicrobials** a high priority in the US?
Yes ## Footnote The increasing rates of resistance have prompted calls for renewed focus on developing new antimicrobial agents.
46
Why aren't **drug companies** developing new antimicrobials today?
* Low financial incentives * High research and development costs * Regulatory challenges ## Footnote These factors contribute to a lack of investment in new antimicrobial research.
47
What are the **future consequences** of antimicrobial resistance?
* Increased morbidity and mortality * Longer hospital stays * Higher healthcare costs * Limited treatment options ## Footnote These consequences can significantly impact public health and healthcare systems.
48
What are the main **immunology terms** to distinguish?
* Susceptibility * Resistance * Innate resistance * Non-specific resistance * Adaptive immunity * Specific resistance * 1st, 2nd, & 3rd lines of defense ## Footnote Understanding these terms is crucial for studying the immune system.
49
Describe the components of the **immune system**.
* Circulatory system (blood) * Lymphatic system (lymph, lymph nodes) * RES (Reticuloendothelial System) * ECF (Extracellular Fluid) * GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) ## Footnote Components play vital roles in immune responses.
50
What are **erythrocytes**?
Red blood cells ## Footnote They are responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.
51
What are **lymphocytes**?
* T cells * B cells * Natural killer cells ## Footnote Lymphocytes are crucial for adaptive immunity.
52
What are **leukocytes**?
* Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) * Monocytes-macrophages * Dendritic cells ## Footnote Leukocytes are white blood cells involved in immune responses.
53
Which immune cells are **phagocytic**?
* Neutrophils * Monocytes-macrophages * Dendritic cells ## Footnote These cells engulf and digest pathogens.
54
What is a **differential blood count**?
A test to measure the different types of white blood cells ## Footnote The mnemonic 'never let monkeys eat bananas' helps remember the order of leukocyte prevalence.
55
What is the main purpose of the **immune system**?
* Survival * Recognition * Information * Destruction ## Footnote The immune system protects the body from pathogens.
56
How does the body recognize **self from non-self**?
Through Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC-1) ## Footnote MHC-1 is found on the surface of all nucleated cells.
57
Is the **1st Line of Defense** specific or non-specific?
Non-specific ## Footnote It includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
58
Describe the role of **skin** in the 1st Line of Defense.
* Physical barrier * Chemical barrier (sebum) * Biological barrier (microbiota) ## Footnote Skin prevents pathogen entry and provides antimicrobial properties.
59
What are the components of **mucous membranes** in the 1st Line of Defense?
* Mucous * Tears * Lysozyme * Wax * Nasal hair * Ciliated epithelium * Flushing (blinking, sneezing, vomiting, coughing) * Saliva/antimicrobials * Sweating/urinating * Gastric HCl & enzymes ## Footnote These components help trap and eliminate pathogens.
60
Is the **2nd Line of Defense** specific or non-specific?
Non-specific ## Footnote It includes various immune responses to pathogens.
61
Describe the **6 main defense systems** within the 2nd Line of Defense.
* Phagocytosis (5 steps) * Inflammatory response * Fever * Interferons * Complement system * Natural killer cells ## Footnote These systems work together to eliminate pathogens.
62
What is the main purpose of the **1st & 2nd Lines of Defense**?
To prevent pathogen entry and eliminate pathogens ## Footnote They act as the body's initial response to infections.
63
How long does it typically take for the **3rd line of defense** to become active?
Days to weeks ## Footnote The 3rd line involves specific immune responses.
64
Give two examples of how the **2nd line of defense** is used by some pathogens to enter the host.
* Evasion of phagocytosis * Manipulation of inflammatory responses ## Footnote Some pathogens have developed strategies to bypass immune defenses.
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