Microbiology > Ch 17 > Flashcards

Ch 17 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is the importance of Patient History and Examination in differential diagnosis?

A

Very important in differential diagnosis

Includes signs and symptoms (S&S), X-rays, etc.

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2
Q

Name the three methods used for diagnostic tests.

A
  • Phenotypic Methods
  • Serological Tests
  • Genetic/Genotypic Methods

These methods help identify etiological agents and the diseases they cause.

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3
Q

What are examples of Phenotypic Methods?

A
  • Microscopy
  • Morphology
  • Culturing
  • Biochemistry

These methods assess the physical and biochemical characteristics of organisms.

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4
Q

What do Serological Tests utilize?

A

Specific antigens and antibodies

These tests help identify immune responses to pathogens.

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5
Q

What types of analysis are included in Genetic/Genotypic Methods?

A
  • DNA analysis
  • RNA analysis
  • Mitochondrial analysis

These methods provide genetic information about the pathogens.

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6
Q

List some Patient Signs & Symptoms that may indicate a health issue.

A
  • Rash
  • High WBC count
  • Low WBC count
  • Swelling

These signs can help in diagnosing various conditions.

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7
Q

What does a high WBC count indicate?

A

Possible infection or inflammation

White blood cells (WBC) are part of the immune response.

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8
Q

What does a low WBC count suggest?

A

Possible bone marrow issues or severe infections

A low count can indicate a weakened immune system.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Patient History, S&S - What System? A. Respiratory? - itis, Breathing sounds, cough super prane, disa _______.

A

itis

This refers to inflammation in the respiratory system.

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10
Q

What are some signs to check for in the Ears during examination?

A
  • Discharge
  • Inflammation (itis)

These signs can indicate ear infections or other issues.

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11
Q

What types of symptoms are assessed in the Gastro-Intestinal system?

A
  • Diarrhea type
  • Other gastrointestinal symptoms

Symptoms can indicate infections or digestive disorders.

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12
Q

What should be evaluated in the Genital-Urinary system?

A
  • Lesion type
  • Type of discharge/urine
  • Pain

These symptoms can indicate infections or other conditions.

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13
Q

What are some Circulatory system symptoms to look for?

A
  • Swelling
  • Neuro-muscular effects
  • Headache

These symptoms can indicate circulatory or neurological issues.

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14
Q

What symptoms may indicate neurological issues?

A
  • Neck stiffness
  • Vomiting
  • Blurred vision
  • Delirium
  • Dementia
  • Flaccid or spastic paralysis

These symptoms require immediate medical attention.

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15
Q

What is the easiest clinical sampling site for specimen collection?

A

Portals

Accessibility is a key issue in clinical sampling.

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16
Q

List the patient fluids that can be collected for diagnostics.

A
  • Mucus membrane swabbing
  • Skin/nail flakes
  • Urine
  • Vaginal secretions
  • Semen
  • Saliva
  • Sputum
  • Blood
  • Serum
  • Feces
  • Cerebrospinal fluid

These fluids are important for various lab diagnostics.

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17
Q

What are the two categories of results in lab diagnostics?

A
  • Presumptive data
  • Confirmatory data

Test selection is done by clinicians based on these categories.

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18
Q

True or false: Specimen collection is a solo effort.

A

FALSE

Specimen collection is a team effort in lab diagnostics.

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19
Q

What are the phenotypic methods used in diagnostics?

A
  • Direct microscopy of patient sample
  • Use of differential and special stains
  • Gram stain
  • Acid-Fast stain
  • Endospore stain
  • Flagella stain
  • Capsule stain
  • Immunofluorescent antibody (IF) test
  • Cultivation, isolation & testing of patient sample

These methods help identify the presence of specific microbes.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of biochemical testing in diagnostics?

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A

To observe physiological reactions to substrates as evidence of the absence or presence of specific genes/enzymes

This testing helps identify unknown microbes.

21
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzyme present in microbe leads to _______.

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A

Product formed (+ result)

This indicates a positive result in biochemical testing.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: Unknown microbe + Growth in substrate leads to _______.

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A

No product formed (- result)

This indicates a negative result in biochemical testing.

23
Q

What must be done in an organized/efficient fashion to get useful results in phenotypic identification schemes?

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A

Biochemical & Morphological Tests

Proper organization is crucial for accurate identification of microorganisms.

24
Q

What are the catalase test results for the organism identified as Streptococcus?

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A

catalase (-)

Streptococcus is known for being catalase negative.

25
What are the **catalase** test results for the organism identified as **Neisseria**?
catalase (+) ## Footnote Neisseria is known for being catalase positive.
26
What type of **arrangement** is observed in **Micrococcus**?
irregular clusters, tetrads ## Footnote Micrococcus typically shows unique arrangements under the microscope.
27
What is the **oxidase** test result for **Moraxella**?
oxidase (+) ## Footnote Moraxella species are characterized by being oxidase positive.
28
What are the **Gram stain** results for the mystery microbe identified from a mucous membrane swab?
Gram pink cells, diplo ## Footnote This indicates that the organism is likely a Gram-negative bacterium.
29
What are the **catalase** and **oxidase** test results for the mystery microbe?
* Catalase: + * Oxidase: + ## Footnote These results help narrow down the identification of the organism.
30
What is the growth characteristic of the mystery microbe in thioglycolate broth?
tall and at the top ## Footnote This suggests that the organism is likely aerobic or facultatively anaerobic.
31
What is the **API** used for in microbiology?
Numerical Identification ## Footnote API tests provide a numerical value for identification based on biochemical reactions.
32
What is the identification value for the organism in the tube that is **Proteus mirabilis**?
2+14 + 2+94+2+14 + 2 ## Footnote This numerical value is derived from the results of various biochemical tests.
33
What are some **miscellaneous phenotypic methods** used when tests are not definitive?
* Phage typing * Animal inoculation ## Footnote These methods can provide additional identification options for certain organisms.
34
What is the **Gram stain** result for **E. coli**?
Gram pink cells ## Footnote E. coli is a Gram-negative bacterium, which appears pink after Gram staining.
35
What is the **Gram stain** result for **Salmonella**?
Gram pink cells ## Footnote Salmonella is also a Gram-negative bacterium, appearing pink in Gram staining.
36
What is the **Gram stain** result for **Pseudomonas**?
Gram pink cells ## Footnote Pseudomonas species are characterized as Gram-negative.
37
What is the **Gram stain** result for **Proteus**?
Gram pink cells ## Footnote Proteus species are also Gram-negative bacteria.
38
What is the importance of **patient history and examination** in differential diagnosis?
Very important in differential diagnosis ## Footnote Includes signs and symptoms, x-rays, etc.
39
Name the **three methods** used for identifying etiological agents.
* Phenotypic Methods * Serological Tests * Genetic/Genotypic Methods ## Footnote Each method has its own approach to identifying pathogens.
40
What are **Phenotypic Methods** used for?
* Microscopy * Culturing * Biochemistry ## Footnote These methods involve observing the physical and biochemical characteristics of pathogens.
41
What do **Serological Tests** detect?
* Patient antigen (pathogen) * Antibodies (blood evidence of infection) ## Footnote Tests may be direct or indirect.
42
True or false: All **serological tests** are based on antibodies binding specifically to antigens.
TRUE ## Footnote Tests have high specificity and sensitivity with no false positives or negatives.
43
What makes an **immune test effective**? List the key factors.
* Specificity * Sensitivity ## Footnote Specificity ensures no cross-reaction, while sensitivity detects small amounts of target.
44
Define **specificity** in the context of immune tests.
Reacts only with the intended antigen or antibody ## Footnote Ensures no cross-reaction with unrelated targets.
45
Define **sensitivity** in the context of immune tests.
Detects very small amounts of target antigen or antibody ## Footnote Identifies even weakly positive patients.
46
What are some common **test categories** in serology?
* Agglutination * Precipitation * Complement Fixation * Fluorescent Antibody Tests * Immunoassays ## Footnote These categories represent different methods of testing in serology.
47
What improvements do **monoclonal antibodies** provide in immune testing?
Improved specificity ## Footnote Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target specific antigens.
48
What technologies enhance the **sensitivity** of immune tests?
* Radioactivity * Enzymes * Electronics ## Footnote These technologies help in detecting lower levels of antigens or antibodies.
Microbiology
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