1
Q
What are cilia?
A
Short, numerous locomotor appendages found in protozoa and animal cells that beat back and forth in a oarlike motion
Cilia can also function as feeding and filtering structures in some cells.
2
Q
What is glycocalyx?
A
An outermost boundary in direct contact with the environment, usually composed of polysaccharides
It appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer, or a capsule and functions in adherence, protection, and signal reception.
3
Q
What is the function of the cell wall in fungi?
A
Provides structural support and shape, composed of a thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers (chitin or cellulose) and a thin outer layer of mixed polysaccharides.
4
Q
What is the composition of the cell/cytoplasmic membrane?
A
Typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins with sterols that confer stability
It serves as a selectively permeable barrier in transport and functions in interaction, surface adhesion, secretion, and signal transduction.
5
Q
What is the structure of the nucleus?
A
Compact sphere with a nuclear envelope composed of two parallel membranes and pores, containing nucleoplasm with chromosomes and a nucleolus for rRNA synthesis
The nucleolus is a dark area involved in ribosome assembly.
6
Q
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
A
An interconnected network of membranous hollow sacs with ribosomes, synthesizing and transporting proteins for packaging and transport
It is the first step in the secretory pathway.
7
Q
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
A
A closed tubular network without ribosomes that functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids.
8
Q
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
A
Modifies, stores, and packages proteins in a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae.
9
Q
What are ribosomes composed of?
A
rRNA and proteins, larger than prokaryotic ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
10
Q
What constitutes the endomembrane system?
A
Nuclear envelope, membranes of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and lysosomes.
11
Q
What is the function of lysosomes?
A
Vesicles containing enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and protection against invading microbes.
12
Q
What are vacuoles?
A
Membrane-bound sacs containing particles to be digested, excreted, or stored.
13
Q
What are chloroplasts responsible for?
A
Converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
14
Q
What is the structure of mitochondria?
A
Spherical organelle with an outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae, involved in energy production and storage (ATP).
15
Q
What is the cytoskeleton?
A
A flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments, and microtubules that provide structural support and facilitate movement within the cytoplasm.
16
Q
What are the characteristics of fungi?
A
- Majority are unicellular or colonial
- Cell wall made of polysaccharide chitin
- Cell membrane contains sterols such as ergosterol
- Can grow in loose associations or colonies
- Mostly obligate aerobes, some facultative anaerobes
- Can grow optimally at acidic pH.
17
Q
What distinguishes dimorphic fungi?
A
Fungi that can take both filamentous moldy form or yeast form under different culture conditions.
18
Q
What is the primary mode of reproduction in fungi?
A
Spores, which can be produced asexually or sexually.
19
Q
What are the three major lineages of fungi?
A
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota (sac fungi)
- Basidiomycota (club fungi)
20
Q
What is endosymbiosis?
A
A process where one cell engulfs another cell, leading to symbiotic relationships that become permanent residents in the host cell.
21
Q
What are zygospores?
A
Spores recognized in the Zygomycota phylum, produced inside sporangia
Example: Bread mold.
22
Q
What are ascospores?
A
Spores produced by Ascomycota (sac fungi) in special pods or sac-like structures called asci.
23
Q
What are basidiospores?
A
Spores produced by Basidiomycota (club fungi) on a club-like structure called a basidium.
24
Q
What is the role of vegetative hyphae?
A
Digest and absorb nutrients.
25
What is the difference between septate and non-septate hyphae?
* Septate hyphae are divided into segments by cross walls
* Non-septate hyphae are continuous cells without cross walls.
26
What are conidia?
Free spores produced by fungi, involved in asexual reproduction.
27
What is the significance of sexual spores in fungi?
They are responsible for genetic variation and useful for fungal classification.
28
What is the main classification for the Kingdom Fungi?
Subdivided into several phyla based on the type of sexual reproduction
29
What are the phyla of Fungi based on sexual reproduction?
* Phylum Zygomycota – zygospores; mostly sporangiospores and some conidia
* Phylum Ascomycota – ascospores; conidia
* Phylum Basidiomycota – basidiospores; conidia
* Phylum Chytridiomycota – flagellated spores
* Fungi that produce only Asexual Spores (Imperfect)
30
What is the role of fungi in ecosystems?
* Mostly free-living (not dependent on host)
* Grow into their food
* Secrete powerful, extracellular enzymes
31
What are the two levels of Fungi involvement in medicine and industry?
* Adverse impact
* Beneficial impact
32
What are some adverse impacts of Fungi?
* Mycoses
* Allergies
* Toxin production
* Destruction of crops and food storages
33
What are some beneficial impacts of Fungi?
* Sources of antibiotics
* Alcohol
* Organic acids
* Vitamins
* Decomposers of dead plants and animals
* Used in making foods and in genetic studies
34
What are the types of superficial infections caused by fungi?
* Dermal mycoses
* Cutaneous infections
* Subcutaneous infections
35
What are true systemic infections in Fungi?
* Systemic mycoses
* Saprobes
* Infective spores
* Immune-compromised patients
* Disease spreads from lungs
36
Name a major fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
Histoplasmosis (Ohio Valley fever)
37
What is the causative fungus for Candidiasis?
Candida albicans
38
What is the outermost layer affected in superficial fungal infections?
Outer epidermis
39
Fill in the blank: Tinea _______ is also known as ringworm.
Dermatophytosis
40
What fungus causes Coccidioidomycosis?
Coccidioides immitis
41
What are dermatophytes known to secrete?
Enzymes: keratinases
42
What do dermatophytes digest?
* Keratin
* Hair
* Skin
43
What is the common name for Tinea unguium?
Nail fungus
44
What is the significance of Candidiasis in microbiology?
Dimorphic fungus, part of oral, GI, and vagina microbiome
45
What is Ergot Poisoning caused by?
Claviceps purpurea
46
What is Aflatoxin produced by?
Aspergillus flavus
47
What is the structure of Eukaryotic flagella?
9+2 microtubule arrangement
48
True or False: The flagella of Eukaryotes are thinner than those of prokaryotes.
False
49
What is the function of flagella in eukaryotic cells?
Locomotion by pushing or pulling the cell
50
Fill in the blank: Locomotor appendages can be _______ or _______.
Flagella, Cilia
51
What is the trophozoite stage?
A motile, feeding stage that requires food and moisture to remain active.
## Footnote
Some protozoans exist only in this stage.
52
What is the cyst stage?
A dormant form that many protozoa form during unfavorable conditions.
## Footnote
Cysts are resistant to heat, drying, and chemicals.
53
How do cysts contribute to disease transmission?
Cysts spread through air, water, and contaminated food, playing a role in disease transmission.
54
What happens when conditions improve for cysts?
The cyst breaks open, releasing the active trophozoite.
55
What is the common habitat for protozoan infections?
Commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions.
56
Which protozoan causes malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum.
57
What is the primary method of transmission for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Intimate sexual contact, as it lacks a cyst stage.
58
How do Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia spread?
They form cysts, making them easily transmitted via contaminated food and water.
59
How do most protozoa reproduce?
Asexually, through mitotic division.
Binary fission and budding
60
What is unique about some parasitic species like malaria in terms of reproduction?
They use multiple fission inside a host cell.
61
What are the classifications of protozoans based on motile structures?
* Sarcodina (amoebas)
* Mastigophora (flagellates)
* Ciliophora (ciliates)
* Sporozoa (Apicomplexa)
62
What distinguishes Mastigophora in terms of motility?
They use flagella or flagella plus amoeboid motion.
63
What is the structure of Mastigophora?
Single nucleus, some lack mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
64
What is the reproductive method of Mastigophora?
Sexual (syngamy) or asexual (longitudinal fission).
65
What is a common example of a parasitic amoeba?
Entamoeba histolytica.
66
What disease does Entamoeba histolytica cause?
Amebiasis (Amebic Dysentery).
67
How do trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica infect the host?
They feed on the intestinal lining and can invade other organs.
68
What are symptoms of Amebiasis?
* Mild: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
* Severe: Weight loss, dehydration, possible systemic invasion.
69
What is the motility method of Ciliophora?
They move using cilia.
70
What is the unique feature of Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)?
They are generally non-motile except for male gametes.
71
What disease is caused by Plasmodium?
Malaria.
72
What is the role of Toxoplasma gondii?
It causes toxoplasmosis, often acquired through undercooked meat or cat feces.
73
What are helminths?
Multicellular animals that include tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms.
74
What is the typical structure of flatworms?
Flat, no definite body cavity, with a digestive tract as a blind pouch.
75
How do cestodes (tapeworms) absorb nutrients?
They lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients through their body surface.
76
What are the stages of the helminth life cycle?
* Fertilized egg (embryo)
* Larva
* Adult
77
What distinguishes nematodes in terms of reproduction?
They have separate sexes with distinct appearances.
78
What is the role of intermediate hosts in helminth life cycles?
Where larval development occurs.
79
What is a common transmission route for helminths?
Oral ingestion or skin penetration.
80
What are the main sources of infection for parasites?
Contaminated food, soil, water, or infected animals.
81
What are the routes through which parasites can infect a host?
Oral ingestion or skin penetration.
82
How many eggs can Ascaris lay per day?
200,000 eggs/day.
83
What type of organisms do internal parasites primarily infect?
Vertebrates.
84
Where do tapeworms primarily live in their host?
In the intestines.
85
What is the primary method of attachment for tapeworms in their host?
Via a scolex (sucker).
86
What is the body structure of tapeworms composed of?
Proglottids, each containing male and female reproductive organs.
87
How do tapeworms absorb nutrients?
They lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients from the host's intestine.
88
What happens to mature proglottids of tapeworms?
They release fertilized eggs via feces.
89
How does the lifecycle of tapeworms complete?
When a primary host eats infected, undercooked meat.
90
How can humans become infected by tapeworms?
Through consumption of raw or undercooked pork, beef, or fish.
91
What are the two main types of protists discussed?
Algae and protozoa.
92
What is a characteristic of algae?
Eukaryotic organisms that photosynthesize with chlorophyll a.
93
What defines protozoa?
Unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues.
94
What are the characteristics of roundworms (Nematodes)?
Round, complete digestive tract, protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth.
95
Name an example of a roundworm.
* Ascaris lumbricoides (intestinal roundworm)
* Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
* Necator americanus (hookworm)
* Wuchereria bancrofti (causes elephantiasis)
96
What is the size range of pinworms?
2-12 mm, tapered, curved cylindrical form.
97
What is the primary infestation site for Enterobius vermicularis?
Large intestine.
98
What is the process of egg ingestion in pinworms?
Eggs are swallowed from contaminated surfaces or direct contact.
99
What causes the spread of pinworm infection?
Eggs cause itching, leading to scratching, which contaminates fingers and surfaces.
100
In which environments is pinworm infection more common?
In families and close living environments.
101
What is a significant characteristic of dinoflagellates?
They can cause red tides and release toxins causing food poisoning with neurological symptoms.
102
What do algae contribute to aquatic habitats?
They provide the basis of the food web and produce a large proportion of atmospheric O2.
103
What is the primary habitat for most protozoans?
Fresh and marine water, soil, plants, and animals.
104
How are protozoans primarily classified?
Based on their cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry.
105
What is the cytoplasm of protozoans divided into?
Ectoplasm and endoplasm.
106
What is the function of ectoplasm in protozoans?
Involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection.
107
What does endoplasm contain?
The nucleus, mitochondria, and food and contractile vacuoles.
108
How do protozoans feed?
By engulfing other microbes and organic matter.
109
What locomotor structures do most protozoans possess?
* Flagella
* Cilia
* Pseudopods
110
Through what process did eukaryotes involve from?
Evolved from prokaryotes through endosymbiosis
- larger prokaryotic cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells which began to live and reproduce inside the larger cell rather than being destroyed
111
What is mitochondrion capable of and contain?
Independent division with a circular chromosome w/ bacterial DNA sequences and ribosomes that are prokaryotic
112
What kind of membranes do mitochondria have?
Bacterial membranes that can be inhibited by drugs that can only affect bacteria
113
Is chloroplasts also originated by endosymbiosis ?
Yes, Cyanobacteria is provided by their host cells with built in feeding mechanisms
114
Complex multicellular organisms evolved as _____ cells..
Individual
Lost ability to survive apart from the intact colony
115
What are multicellular organisms composed of ?
Many cells, composed of group of cells that cannot exist independently of the rest of the body
116
Are all Protozoa unicellular?
Yes algae and fungi
117
Where are multicellular organisms found
Plants, animals, and some fungi (mushrooms), and algae (seaweeds)
118
What do general eukaryotic microbial cells have?
Cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmuc reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx
119
What are sometimes found in eukaryotic microbial cells?
Cell wall, locomotor appendages, and chloroplasts
120
Where is flagella common?
Protozoa, algae, and few fungal and animal cells
121
Where are cilia found?
Protozoa and animal cells
122
Are flagella thicker in eukaryotic cells?
Yes and have a different construction, and is covered by an extension of the cell membrane
123
What is a flagella?
Long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow tubes- micro tubules that extend along its entire length
124
How are cilia different from, flagella
Shorter and more numerous
125
On some cells cilia can also function as __ and ___ structure
Feeding and filtering
126
Fungi and most algae have a ___ rigid cell wall surrounding a cell membrane
Thick
127
Protozaoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a
Cell wall and are encased primarily by a cell membrane
128
Describe the cell walls of fungus
Thick, inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin outer layer of of mixed glycans
129
Describe cell walls of algae
Varied in chemical composition but usually contain forms of sugar, such as cellulose, pectin, and mannans, along with minerals such as silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate
130
Cell membrane of eukaryotic cells
Typical belayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded
Also contain sterols
131
What do sterols offer differently than phospholipids on cell membrane
Differ from structure and behavior
Rigidity confers stability on eukaryotic membrane s
Important in cells that lack cell walls
132
Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have extensive ____ structures that can account for ___ of membranes volume
Membrane bound
60-80%
133
What are proteins and carbohydrates responsible for on cell membrane
Interactions between cells, adhesion to surfaces, secretion of products made within the cell, and communication between cell and environment (signal transduction)
134
How is the nucleus sepersted by the cell cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
135
What membranes is the nucleus composed of
2 parallel membranes separated by a narrow space and has small, regularly spaced openings or pores where the two membranes unit
136
What are the pores for on the nucleus
Selective passageways for molecules to migrate between the nucleus and cytoplasm
137
138
What does the main body of the nucleus contain
A matrix called a nucleoplasm and a granular mass, the nucleolus
139
Nucleolus is a site for
Ribosomal RNA synthesis and a collection area for ribosomal subunits
140
Where are the subunits transported for the nucleolus
Nuclear pores into the cytoplasm for final assembly into ribosomes
141
142
Feature of the nucleoplasm when stained is
Chromatin
143
What does chromatin consist
Primarily of DNA along with small proteins called histones
144
The large structures w/in the nucleus contain genetic info and have chromatin
Chromosomes
145
What are the non dividing cells in the nucleus
Chromosomes that are Non visible because they are long, linear DNA molecules bound in varying degrees to histone proteins and are too tiny to be seen without high magnification
146
During mitosis are the non dividing cells visible
Yes, when the duplicated chromosomes are separated equally into daughter cells, they become visible as discrete bodies
147
Here does the ER originate from and continuous with ?
Outer membrane of nuclear envelope
148
ER serves as a passageway between ___ and ___
Nucleus and cytoplasm
149
The RER consist of..
Parallel flattened sacs called cisternae and appeared as rough since the surface is studded with ribosomes
Architecture ties non with synthesis of proteins which are collected at the lumen of cisternae and processed for transport in GA
150
151
The SER lacks,,,
Ribosomes and is more tubular in structure
152
Function of SER
Synthesis of nonprotein molecules such as lipids and detoxification of metabolic waste products and other toxic substances
153
What sacs do GA have
Cisternae, have outer lining membranes and cavities like ER
154
At the border of GA the ER buds off tiny membrane of packets of proteins called
Transport vesicles which are picked up by GA
155
Transport vesicles are modified for transport by the addition of
Polysaccharides and lipids
156
Final action of transport vesicles is
Pinch off finished condensing vesicles that will be conveyed to organelles such as lysosomes or transported outside the cell as secretory vesicles
157
Where do ribosomes originate from
Nucleus and RER, which is continuously connected with the nuclear envelope
158
What does DNA have the instructions for
For producing a protein copied into RNA and passed out through the nuclear pores and directly to the ribosomes on the ER
- certain proteins are synthesized from the RNA code and deposited into lumen of ER
159
What happens to the protein products in the GA
Chemically modified and packaged into vesicles
160
Do vesicles have enzymes
Yes some which can digest food inside the cell
Other vesicles are secreted to digest materials outside the cell
Others are important in enlargement and repair of cell wall and membrane
161
Where does a lysosome originate from
GA that contain a variety of enzymes
162
What are lysosomes involved with
Intracellular digestion of food particles and in protection against invading microorganisms, participate in digestion and removal of cell debris in damaged tissue
163
Where are Vacuoles formed in
Phagocytic cells in response to food and other substances that have been engulfed
164
What is a phagosome
Contents of a food vacuole are digested through the merger of the vacuole with a lysosome
165
Cristae of mitochondria
Folds on inner membrane
Plant, animal, and fungal have lamellar cristae
Algae and Protozoa are tubular with flattened discs
166
What do the cristae membranes of mitochondria hold
Hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration 
167
Matrix of mitochondria
Spaces around the cristae are filled with a chemically complex fluid called the matrix 
168
What does the matrix of mitochondria hold
Ribosomes, DNA and a pool of enzymes and other compounds involved in the metabolic cycle 
169
What kind of strands of DNA does the mitochondria have?
Circular strand of DNA and have prokaryotes sized 70 S ribosomes 
170
Results of chloroplast
Chemical energy and oxygen gas
171
How are chloroplast different from mitochondria
Larger contain special pigments and are much more varied in shape 
172
What is thylacoid of algal chloroplast
Smooth outer membrane completely covered an inner membrane folded into small dislikes, called thylakoids that are stacked upon one anothe to to grant 
173
What do thylakoids carry
Green pigment chlorophyll, and sometimes additional pigment as well 
174
What surrounds the thylakoids
Stroma
175
What is the role of the photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll?
Absorb and transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then use during reactions in the stroma to synthesize carbohydrates
176
How can multiple ribosomes be found?
Arranged in short chains called polyribosomes
177
Ribosomes of eukaryotes, except in the mitochondria and chloroplast are what size
80S that is combination of 60S and 40S subunits
178
All cells share generalized region encased by the cell membrane, called the cytoplasm or in eukaryotic cells the
Cytoplasmic matrix
179
What does the cytoplasmic matrix house?
How does the organelles and sustain major metabolic and synthetic activities? It also contains the framework of support and cells blocking walls. 
180
This cytoplasmic matrix is interwoven by flexible. Framework of molecules called the.
Cytoskeleton
181
What are the functions of cytoskeleton?
Anchoring, organelles, providing support and permitting shape changes in some cells
182
What are the two main types of cytoskeletal elements?
Microfilament and microtubules
183
What are microfilaments?
Then strands compose of the protein actin that attach to the cell membrane in form a network through the cytoplasm 
184
Some microfilaments are responsible for movements of the
Cytoplasm often made evident by the streaming of organelles are on the cell and a cyclic pattern
185
Other micro filaments are active in… motion
Amoeboid motion, a type of movement typical of cells such as amoeba’s and microcytes that produces extensions of the cell membrane pseudopods into which the cytoplasm flows
186
What are microtubules?
Long hollow tubes that maintain the shape of eukaryotic cells such as protozoa that Lexa was, they may also serve as an alternative transport system for molecules
187
The spindle fibers that plan essential role of mitosis are actually
Microtubules that attach chromosomes and separate them into daughter cells
Also responsible for the movement of Celia and flagella
188
Cells of the microscopic fungi exist in two basic morphological types
Hyphae and yeasts
189
What are hyphae
Long thread like cells that make up the bodies of filamentous fungi or molds
190
191
A yeast cell is distinguished by its
Round to oval shape and buy its mode of asexual reproduction. It grows swelling on its surface, called buds, which then become separate cells.
192
Psuedohyphas
Chain of yeast formed when blood remain attached in a row because of its manner formation it is not a true hypha like that of molds
193
Although some fungal cells exist only in a yeast form and others occur primarily as hyphae a few called
Dimorphic can take either form, depending upon growth conditions, such as changing temperature this variability and growth form is particularly characteristic of some pathogenic molds
194
All fungi are
Heterotrophic, they acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic sources or substrate
195
Most fungi are
Saprobes meaning that they obtain the substrates from the remains of dead plants and animals and soil or aquatic habitats
196
Can fungi also be parasites
On the bodies of living animals or plants, although very few fungi absolutely require a living host
197
In general, the fungus penetrates a substrate and secretes
Enzymes that reduce it to small molecules that can be absorbs fungi have enzymes for digesting and incredible array of substances, including feathers hair, cellulose petroleum products would even rubber
198
What environments can fungi often be found?
A neutral, poor or adverse environments, various fungal types, thriving substrate with higher amounts of salt, sugar or acid content at relatively high temperatures and even in snow glaciers
199
What are mycoses
Fungal infections in animals, and thousands of species are important plant pathogens
200
What makes fungal toxins cause?
Disease in humans and airborne fungi are frequent cause of allergies and other medical conditions
201
The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold is called
Mycelium
202
Hyphae are divided into segments called __ , what do they so
Septa
The nature of deceptive varies from solid partitions with no communication between the compartments to partial walls with small pores that allow flow organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments
203
Nonspetate hyphae consist of one
One long continuous cell, not divided into individual compartments by cross walls with this construction cytoplasm and organelles move freely from one region to another each hyphal element can have several nuclei
204
What are vegative hyphae responsible for the production of
Fungal reproductive bodies called spores
205
How do fungal spores function?
Function not only multiplication, but also in survival and dissemination because of their compactness and relatively lightweight fungal spores are dispersed widely through the environment by air water, living things, a portable germinate and produce a new fungus colony in a very short time
206
3 most com,I’m sexual spores
Zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores
207
Zygospores
Sturdy diploid spores formed when hyphae of two opposite strains fuse and create a diploid zygote that swells and becomes covered by strong spiny walls
208
What happens when the wall disrupted and moisture nutrient conditions are suitable for the zygospore
Cycles for germinates and forms of mycelium that gives arise to a sporangium
Meiosis of diploid cells of the sporangium results in haploid nuclear that developed into sporandiospores
209
Both the sporangia and the sporangiospores arise from
Sexual processes are outwardly identical to the asexual type because the spores are rolled from the union of two separate fungal parents they are not genetically identical
210
Where are the haploid spores called ascospores created
Inside a special fungal sac or ascus
211
How are ascus and ascospores formed
When 2 dif strains or sexes join tg to produce offspring
212
End result of ascospores/ascus
Terminal cells called dikaryons, each containing a diploid nucleus
213
Basidiospores
Haploid sexual spores formed on the outside of a club shaped cell called a basidium
214
What are the two main types of fungal pathogens that infect humans
Primary pathogens which affect healthy humans
Opportunistic pathogens which attack persons who are already weakened ina way
215
Are Protozoa hetertrophic
Yes and usually require their food in complex organic form
216
Most Protozoa are recognized by a motile feeding stage called
Trophozoite that requires ample food and moisture to remain active
217
Are cysts more resistant
Yes more than ordinary cells to heat, drying, and chemicals
218
All Protozoa reproduce by ___ methods
Asexual , usually mitotic cell division
Reproduce asexually inside a host cell by multiple fission
219
___ reproduction also occurs during the life cycle of most Protozoa
Sexual
220
Ciliates participate in
Conjugation,form of genetic exchange in which members of 2 different mating types fuse temporarily and exchange nuclei
221
Species of amoeba that can cause disease in humans
Amoebiasis or amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica
222
2 major groups of parasitic helminths are
Flatworms with a very thin often segmented body plan
Roundworms also called nematodes with unsegmented body
223
The flatworm group is subdivided into the
Cestodes or tapeworms named for their long, ribbonlike arrangement and the trematodes
224
Not all flatworms and roundworms are parasites by nature?
True, many live freely in soil and water
225
Hermaphroditic
Male and female sex organs are in the same worm: cestodes are generally hermaphroditic
226
The host in which larval development occurs is the
Intermediate (secondary) host and adulthood and mating occur in definitive final host
227
What is the **function** of the **cell membrane** (plasma membrane)?
Controls entry and exit of materials
## Footnote
The phospholipid bilayer is crucial for communication and transport.
228
What is the **cell wall** made of in plants and fungi?
* Cellulose in plants
* Chitin in fungi
## Footnote
Provides support and protection; absent in animals.
229
What is the **cytoplasm**?
Gel-like fluid that fills the cell
## Footnote
Holds organelles and allows metabolic reactions to occur.
230
What is the difference between **prokaryotic** and **eukaryotic cells** regarding DNA?
* Prokaryotic: DNA is free-floating
* Eukaryotic: DNA enclosed by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)
## Footnote
Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic cells have multiple, linear chromosomes.
231
What are **ribosomes** and their location in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
* Prokaryotic: Smaller (70S), free in cytoplasm
* Eukaryotic: Larger (80S), free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
## Footnote
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
232
What is the role of **mitochondria** in eukaryotic cells?
Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
## Footnote
Present in plant and some protist cells.
233
What does the **endoplasmic reticulum (ER)** do?
* Rough ER: Makes proteins
* Smooth ER: Makes lipids and detoxifies
## Footnote
Rough ER has ribosomes attached.
234
What is the function of the **Golgi apparatus**?
Modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids in vesicles
## Footnote
Essential for processing and transporting cellular materials.
235
What are **lysosomes** and **peroxisomes** responsible for?
* Lysosomes: Digest waste and foreign materials
* Peroxisomes: Detoxify harmful substances
## Footnote
Both are involved in cellular waste management.
236
What is the **cytoskeleton**?
Network of microtubules and filaments for structure and movement
## Footnote
Provides support and transport within the cell.
237
What are the **flagella** and **cilia** used for in cells?
* Flagella: Movement (rotates like a propeller)
* Cilia: Moving fluid along surfaces
## Footnote
Flagella are simpler in structure compared to cilia.
238
What is the function of **vacuoles** in plant and animal cells?
* Plant cells: Large central vacuole for storing water and nutrients
* Animal cells: Small vacuoles
## Footnote
Vacuoles play a role in storage and maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells.
239
What are **plasmids**?
Extra DNA rings found in some prokaryotic cells
## Footnote
Often associated with traits like antibiotic resistance.
240
What is the **structure** of prokaryotic cells?
Simple structure, often with a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
## Footnote
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.
241
What are **Conidia**?
* Asexual spore
* Found in: Ascomycetes (sac fungi)
* Ploidy: Haploid
* Formation: Produced by mitosis from haploid hyphae
## Footnote
Conidia are a type of asexual spore produced by certain fungi.
242
What are **Sporangiospores**?
* Asexual spore
* Found in: Zygomycetes (bread molds)
* Ploidy: Haploid
* Formation: Produced by mitosis from haploid hyphae
## Footnote
Sporangiospores are another type of asexual spore produced by specific fungi.
243
What are **Ascospores**?
* Sexual spore
* Found in: Ascomycetes
* Ploidy: Haploid
* Formation: Formed after meiosis inside ascus; there is a brief diploid zygote stage before meiosis
## Footnote
Ascospores are produced during sexual reproduction in certain fungi.
244
What are **Basidiospores**?
* Found in: Basidiomycetes (club fungi, e.g., mushrooms)
* Type: Sexual spore
* Ploidy: Haploid
* Formation: Formed after meiosis on a basidium; there is a brief diploid zygote stage before meiosis
## Footnote
Basidiospores are a type of sexual spore produced by club fungi.
245
What are **Zygospores**?
* Found in: Zygomycetes
* Type: Sexual spore
* Ploidy: Diploid when first formed, but undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores
* Formation: Created by fusion of two haploid cells (gametangia), resulting in a diploid zygospore that later undergoes meiosis
## Footnote
Zygospores are formed through the fusion of gametangia and later undergo meiosis.
Microbiology
flashcards
Decks in class (36)
# Cards
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Chemistry & Biochemistry49
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Ch 8 Metabolic109
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Ch. 13 Microbes131
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Ch, 4 Prokaryotes54
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Midterm Prep214
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Ch 189
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Ch. 2104
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Ch. 489
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Practice Test140
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Scientific Disease Names10
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Euk Vs Prok167
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DNA Rep27
-
Lab Practicum19
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Ch. 5 Eukaryotes245
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Ch. 6147
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Ch. 9386
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Test 2 Review132
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#11-51 Cards31
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Ch. 7285
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Ch. 11349
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Ch. 12415
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Extra 12450
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Lab Review128
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Lec 3 Review64
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Ch 1456
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Disease Cards 21-28, 52-6825
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Disease Card Quiz177
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Ch. 15315
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Ch. 16319
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Final Study Guide174
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#10-20137
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#21-31169
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#32-43155
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#44-54160
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#55-68211
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Ch 1748
