9 - Repro - Pelvis osteology + Female repro system Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 9 - Repro - Pelvis osteology + Female repro system Deck (30)
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1
Q

Name the bones which make up the pelvis:

A

2 x Innominate bones
Sacrum
Coccyx

2
Q

What is the innominate bone?

A

Bone formed from the fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis = ‘Hip bone’

3
Q

What is the linea terminalis?

A

Line which separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis

- Made up of arcuate line, pectineal line and pubic crest

4
Q

What is a gynecoid pelvis?

A

The most common type of female pelvis, which is ideal for childbirth:

  • Round inlet
  • Straight side walls
  • Ischial spines are not too prominent
  • Well-rounded greater sciatic notch
  • Well-curved sacrum
  • Pubic angle > 90’
5
Q

Name the 2 clinically useful pelvic conjugates:

A

1) Obstetric conjugate

2) Diagonal conjugate

6
Q

What is the obstetric conjugate? How is it measured?

A

AP diameter from the midpoint of the pubis, to sacral promontory. Usually ~ 10 cm.
- Only measured via imaging. Instead use diagonal conjugate.

7
Q

What is the diagonal conjugate? How is it measured?

A

AP diameter from inferior border of pubis to sacral promontory.
- Measured via inserting 2 fingers into vagina and palpating sacral promontory, and noting on hand the lower border of the pubis

8
Q

What is the minimum size of the diagonal conjugate to allow childbirth?

A

~ 11.5 cm

9
Q

Which pelvic conjugate is easily measured?

A

Diagonal conjugate

10
Q

Name the layer of connective tissue which lies under the epithelium of the ovaries:

A

Tunica albuginea

11
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

Portion of the broad ligament of the uterus, which suspends the ovaries

12
Q

What is the arterial supply to the ovaries?

A

Ovarian arteries (from abdominal aorta, below renal arteries)

13
Q

What is the venous drainage of the ovaries?

A

Ovarian veins:

  • Left drains into left renal vein
  • Right drains into IVC
14
Q

To which nodes do the lymphatics of the ovaries drain into?

A

Para-aortic nodes

15
Q

What are ovarian cysts usually developed from?

A

Ovarian follicles

16
Q

The majority of ovarian tumours are derived from which tissue?

A

Epithelium = Ovarian adenocarcinomas

17
Q

Are ovarian teratomas usually benign or malignant?

A

Benign

18
Q

Name the pouch located anterior to the uterus:

A

Uterovesical pouch

19
Q

Name the pouch located posterior to the uterus:

A

Rectouterine pouch

20
Q

If need to drain the uterovesical or rectouterine pouches, how are they accessed?

A

Via anterior or posterior fornices of the vagina

21
Q

What is the ideal position of the uterus?

A

1) AnteVerted in relation to the Vagina

2) AntefleXed in relation to the cerviX

22
Q

Name the ligaments which support the position of the uterus:

A
  • Transverse cervical ligament = thickening of base of broad ligament to support cervix
  • Uterosacral ligament = Maintains anteversion
23
Q

What is the arterial supply to the fallopian tubes and the fundus of the uterus?

A

Ovarian arteries (from abdominal artery)

24
Q

What is the arterial supply to the uterus?

A
  • Ovarian arteries
  • Uterine arteries
  • Branches of vaginal arteries
  • Branches of internal pudendal arteries
25
Q

What is the venous drainage of the uterus?

A

Uterine venous plexus

  • into uterine veins
  • into internal iliac veins
26
Q

To which nodes do the lymphatics of the uterus drain to?

A
  • Para-aortic
  • Internal iliac
  • External iliac
  • Sacral
  • Inguinal
27
Q

What is salpingitis, and what are some complications of this?

A

Infection of the fallopian tubes

= Can cause adhesions, leading to ectopic pregnancies or infertility

28
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy? Where does this usually occur?

A

Implantation at site other than the uterus

- 95% in ampulla or isthmus of fallopian tube

29
Q

Why can pain sometimes be felt in the left shoulder if patient has an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Can cause haemorrhage

  • when lying down, blood may irritate diaphragm, sensed by phrenic nerve (C3-5)
  • C5 dermatome = shoulder
30
Q

Why is a patient at high risk of prolapse if they have a retroverted uterus?

A

Uterus is positioned directly over the vagina