Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(119 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What components make up the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the diencephalon

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the principle cells of the CNS

A

Neurons

Glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the subtypes of glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are neurons

A

Communicating cells that receive information from synapses and transmit it to other neurons/effector cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most neurons are multipolar, true or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe astrocytes

A

Type of glial cell
star shaped
roles in support, maintaining BBB, environmental homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

There are more neurons than glial cells in the CNS, true or false

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

There is connective tissue present in the CNS, true or false

A

FALSE, no connective tissue in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin in CNS only

Have numerous branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do microglia originate from

A

bone marrow / homopoietic origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of microglia

A

immune monitoring and antigen presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

ciliated epithelium that line the ventricles and produce CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does grey matter contain

A

neuron cell bodies / soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does white matter contain

A

axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is grey matter found in the CNS

A

Brain - outside

Spinal cord - inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is white matter found in the CNS

A

Brain - inside

Spinal cord - outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

somatosensory information is found in the pre / post central gyrus

A

POST central gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Somatomotor information is found in the pre / post central gyrus

A

PRE central gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus found

A

above the corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

huge band of white matter connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres and transmitting neural messages between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the calcarine sulcus
Primary visual cortex
26
How many lobes of the brain are there
5
27
What are the lobes of the brain
``` frontal parietal temporal occipital insular ```
28
Where is the insular lobe located
usually hidden deep in lateral sulcus
29
what are the meningeal layers
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
30
How many layers of dura are there
2
31
what space is found under the arachnoid mater and what is found inside
subarachnoid space contains CSF
32
describe the path of CSF and ventricles
``` lateral ventricles interventricular foramen of monro 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle foramen of magendie and luschka ```
33
what is a nucleus
collection of soma in the CNS
34
What is a ganglion
collection of soma in the PNS
35
what is a tract
collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels in the CNS
36
what is a nerve
collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS
37
what modalities can a nerve be
``` somatic sensory somatic motor visceral afferent sympathetic parasympathetic ```
38
what modality do multipolar neurons tend to be and where is their soma found
motor | soma found in CNS
39
What modality do unipolar neurons tend to be and where is their soma found
sensory | soma found in PNS in dorsal root ganglion
40
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and how many of each are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
``` 31 pairs C1-8 T1-12 L1-5 S1-5 Co 1 ```
41
Where are spinal nerves only found
intervertebral foramina
42
What modality are the posterior root(lets)
sensory only
43
What modality are the anterior root(lets)
motor only
44
What modality are the spinal nerves and rami
mixed sensory and motor
45
What is a dermatome
area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a single spinal nerve
46
what is a myotome
skeletal muscles with motor innervation by a single spinal nerve
47
are myotomes always deep to dermatomes
sometimes, eg: T2-12 yes C3,4,5 no
48
What are nerve plexuses and give examples
``` nerve plexus = joining of ANTERIOR rami of adjacent spinal nerves cervical C1-4 brachial C5-T1 lumbar L1-4 sacral L5-S4 ```
49
where are the cell bodies of sympathetic nerves found
lateral horn of the spinal cord
50
What can impaired sympathetic innervation to the head and neck cause
Horner's syndrome miosis ptosis anhydrosis
51
What is the epidural space
Space between the bone and dura mater in the spinal cord only
52
How many lobes does the cerebellum have
3 anterior posterior floculonodular
53
How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem
via peduncles | superior, middle and inferior
54
What are gyri called in the cerebellum
folia
55
name the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei
dentate emboliform globose fastigi
56
how many layers make up the cerebellar cortex
3 molecular Purkinje Granule cell
57
where do fibres arriving (afferent) at the cerebellum come from
spinal cord cerebral cortex vestibular apparatus
58
Where do efferent projection from the cerebellum go through
Purkinje cell layer
59
Cerebellar hemispheres control the contralateral side of the body, true or false
FALSE cerebellar hemispheres control ipsilateral side of the body cerebral hemispheres control contralateral side of the body
60
What is the arterial blood supply to the cerebellum
superior cerebellar artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery AICA posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA
61
What are the basal ganglia
group of subcortical nuclei | a number of masses of grey matter near the base of each cerebral hemisphere
62
What are the functions of the basal ganglia
facilitate purposeful movement inhibit unwanted movement role in posture and muscle tone
63
What structures make up the basal ganglia
``` caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra ```
64
What makes up the lenticular nucleus
putamen | globus pallidus
65
What makes up the striatum
caudate nucleus | putamen
66
What makes up the corpus striatum
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus
67
What is special about the substantia nigra
it produces a black pigment as a byproduct of producing dopamine
68
What pathways exist in the basal ganglia
direct | indirect
69
What is the function of the direct pathway
enhances outflow of thalamus and helps to initiate movement essentially by freeing the thalamus from inhibitory effects
70
What is the function of the indirect pathway
inhibits outflow of thalamus and dampens down activity resulting in increased suppression of unwanted movements
71
What does damage to the basal ganglia result in
changes in muscle tone | dyskinesias = abnormal involuntary movements
72
What are the groups of back muscles
extrinsic and intrinsic
73
What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles
move upper arms | attach back to pectoral girdle
74
What are the extrinsic back muscles called
rhomboid major and minor levator scapulae trapezius latissimus dorsi
75
What does the anterior rami of cervical nerve innervate
rhomboids levator scapulae latissimus dorsi
76
What innervates the trapezius
spinal accessory nerve / CN XI
77
What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles
maintain posture and move the spine | muscles are entirely within back
78
what are the intrinsic back muscles
erector spinae | transversopinalis
79
describe the erector spinae muscles
superficial | 3 vertical muscle groups
80
describe the transversospinalis muscle
deep | located between the transverse and spinous processes
81
what muscle is commonly suspected of being the cause of lower back pain
erector spinae
82
What is the nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles
posterior rami branches of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine
83
What back muscles cause spine extension
intrinsic muscles: erector spinae and transversospinalis
84
What back muscles cause spine flexion
psoas major and rectus abdominus
85
How many vertebrae are there in total in the human spine
``` 33 C1-7 T1-12 L1-5 5 fused sacral 4 fused coccygeal ```
86
Where can spinal nerves be found
intervertebral foramen
87
list the ligaments of the spine
``` supraspinous interspinous ligamentum flavum posterior longitudinal ligament anterior longitudinal ligament ```
88
Anterior longitudinal ligament is (broad + strong / thin and weak) and is (anterior/posterior) to the vertebral bodies and prevents over (extension/flexion) of the spine
broad + strong anterior extension
89
List common features of the c-spine vertebrae
transverse foramen bifid spinous process triangular shaped vertebral foramen
90
what is the C1 vertebrae called, describe its features
atlas no body or spinous process has posterior and anterior arches instead
91
what is the C2 vertebrae called, describe its features
axis | odontoid process
92
Which vertebrae has the first palpable spinous process
C7
93
You can still see the posterior arch on c-spine xray, true or false
TRUE
94
at which level does the spinal cord end and what is the name given
L1/2 | conus medullaris
95
What is the cauda equina
all the spinal nerve roots from L2 onwards
96
What modalities are present in the body wall/soma
General somatic afferent = sensory General somatic efferent = motor General visceral efferent = sympathetic motor spinal reflexes
97
There are no parasympathetic fibres in the body wall/soma, true or false
TRUE
98
How can you test each spinal nerve segment's sensory function
dermatomes
99
How can you test each spinal nerve segment's motor function
myotomes
100
How can you test each spinal nerve segment's sensory and motor function
spinal cord reflexes
101
C1 spinal nerve is sensory/motor?
MOTOR ONLY
102
Which nerve provides sensation to the face
CN V 1,2+3
103
What does dermatomal testing allow you to check the integrity of
spinal nerve | posterior root and rootlets
104
What is the named nerve cutaneous innervation of the neck | Hint: Little Goats Tread Softly
Lesser occipital Greater auricular Transverse cervical Supraclavicular
105
what are the layers of the scalp | SCALP
``` skin connective tissue aponeurosis loose connective tissue pericranium ```
106
what is the blood supply of the scalp
ECA and ICA anastamoses
107
What is special about the pterion
it is a H shaped feature and it is the thinnest part of the skull the middle meningeal artery runs underneath it
108
Which meningeal layer has sensory supply from the trigeminal nerve
dura mater
109
Which meningeal layer has arachnoid granulations and what are these
arachnoid mater | reabsorb CSF into dural venous sinuses
110
How many layers of dura mater are there in the brain
2 - cranial and periosteal
111
What lies inside the 2 layers of dura mater
the 2 layers separate at certain points where dural venous sinuses arise
112
what structures does the dura mater form
falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli and diaphragm sellae
113
Where is the circle of willis found
within the subarachnoid space
114
Between which layers is the subarachnoid space found
arachnoid and pia mater
115
at which spinal level does the subarachnoid space close
S2
116
Where is the middle meningeal artery found
between bine and dura mater
117
Where does extra dural haemorrhage happen
between bone and dura mater
118
Where does subdural haemorrhage happen
between dura and arachnoid mater from torn cerebral veins
119
where does subarachnoid haemorrhage happen
in subarachnoid space

Neurology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions