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Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What components make up the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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4
Q

What makes up the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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5
Q

What makes up the diencephalon

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

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6
Q

What are the principle cells of the CNS

A

Neurons

Glial cells

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7
Q

What are the subtypes of glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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8
Q

What are neurons

A

Communicating cells that receive information from synapses and transmit it to other neurons/effector cells

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9
Q

Most neurons are multipolar, true or false

A

True

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10
Q

Describe astrocytes

A

Type of glial cell
star shaped
roles in support, maintaining BBB, environmental homeostasis

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11
Q

There are more neurons than glial cells in the CNS, true or false

A

FALSE

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12
Q

There is connective tissue present in the CNS, true or false

A

FALSE, no connective tissue in CNS

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13
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin in CNS only

Have numerous branches

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14
Q

Where do microglia originate from

A

bone marrow / homopoietic origin

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15
Q

What is the role of microglia

A

immune monitoring and antigen presentation

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16
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

ciliated epithelium that line the ventricles and produce CSF

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17
Q

What does grey matter contain

A

neuron cell bodies / soma

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18
Q

What does white matter contain

A

axons

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19
Q

Where is grey matter found in the CNS

A

Brain - outside

Spinal cord - inside

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20
Q

Where is white matter found in the CNS

A

Brain - inside

Spinal cord - outside

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21
Q

somatosensory information is found in the pre / post central gyrus

A

POST central gyrus

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22
Q

Somatomotor information is found in the pre / post central gyrus

A

PRE central gyrus

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23
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus found

A

above the corpus callosum

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24
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

huge band of white matter connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres and transmitting neural messages between them

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25
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus

A

Primary visual cortex

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26
Q

How many lobes of the brain are there

A

5

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27
Q

What are the lobes of the brain

A 
frontal 
parietal 
temporal 
occipital 
insular
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28
Q

Where is the insular lobe located

A

usually hidden deep in lateral sulcus

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29
Q

what are the meningeal layers

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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30
Q

How many layers of dura are there

A

2

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31
Q

what space is found under the arachnoid mater and what is found inside

A

subarachnoid space contains CSF

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32
Q

describe the path of CSF and ventricles

A 
lateral ventricles 
interventricular foramen of monro 
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct 
4th ventricle 
foramen of magendie and luschka
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33
Q

what is a nucleus

A

collection of soma in the CNS

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34
Q

What is a ganglion

A

collection of soma in the PNS

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35
Q

what is a tract

A

collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels in the CNS

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36
Q

what is a nerve

A

collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS

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37
Q

what modalities can a nerve be

A 
somatic sensory 
somatic motor 
visceral afferent 
sympathetic 
parasympathetic
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38
Q

what modality do multipolar neurons tend to be and where is their soma found

A

motor

soma found in CNS

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39
Q

What modality do unipolar neurons tend to be and where is their soma found

A

sensory

soma found in PNS in dorsal root ganglion

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40
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and how many of each are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

A 
31 pairs 
C1-8
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
Co 1
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41
Q

Where are spinal nerves only found

A

intervertebral foramina

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42
Q

What modality are the posterior root(lets)

A

sensory only

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43
Q

What modality are the anterior root(lets)

A

motor only

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44
Q

What modality are the spinal nerves and rami

A

mixed sensory and motor

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45
Q

What is a dermatome

A

area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a single spinal nerve

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46
Q

what is a myotome

A

skeletal muscles with motor innervation by a single spinal nerve

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47
Q

are myotomes always deep to dermatomes

A

sometimes, eg:
T2-12 yes
C3,4,5 no

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48
Q

What are nerve plexuses and give examples

A 
nerve plexus = joining of ANTERIOR rami of adjacent spinal nerves 
cervical C1-4
brachial C5-T1
lumbar L1-4
sacral L5-S4
49
Q

where are the cell bodies of sympathetic nerves found

A

lateral horn of the spinal cord

50
Q

What can impaired sympathetic innervation to the head and neck cause

A

Horner’s syndrome
miosis
ptosis
anhydrosis

51
Q

What is the epidural space

A

Space between the bone and dura mater in the spinal cord only

52
Q

How many lobes does the cerebellum have

A

3
anterior
posterior
floculonodular

53
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem

A

via peduncles

superior, middle and inferior

54
Q

What are gyri called in the cerebellum

A

folia

55
Q

name the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei

A

dentate
emboliform
globose
fastigi

56
Q

how many layers make up the cerebellar cortex

A

3
molecular
Purkinje
Granule cell

57
Q

where do fibres arriving (afferent) at the cerebellum come from

A

spinal cord
cerebral cortex
vestibular apparatus

58
Q

Where do efferent projection from the cerebellum go through

A

Purkinje cell layer

59
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres control the contralateral side of the body, true or false

A

FALSE
cerebellar hemispheres control ipsilateral side of the body
cerebral hemispheres control contralateral side of the body

60
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the cerebellum

A

superior cerebellar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery AICA
posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA

61
Q

What are the basal ganglia

A

group of subcortical nuclei

a number of masses of grey matter near the base of each cerebral hemisphere

62
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia

A

facilitate purposeful movement
inhibit unwanted movement
role in posture and muscle tone

63
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus 
putamen 
globus pallidus 
subthalamic nucleus 
substantia nigra
64
Q

What makes up the lenticular nucleus

A

putamen

globus pallidus

65
Q

What makes up the striatum

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

66
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

67
Q

What is special about the substantia nigra

A

it produces a black pigment as a byproduct of producing dopamine

68
Q

What pathways exist in the basal ganglia

A

direct

indirect

69
Q

What is the function of the direct pathway

A

enhances outflow of thalamus and helps to initiate movement essentially by freeing the thalamus from inhibitory effects

70
Q

What is the function of the indirect pathway

A

inhibits outflow of thalamus and dampens down activity resulting in increased suppression of unwanted movements

71
Q

What does damage to the basal ganglia result in

A

changes in muscle tone

dyskinesias = abnormal involuntary movements

72
Q

What are the groups of back muscles

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

73
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles

A

move upper arms

attach back to pectoral girdle

74
Q

What are the extrinsic back muscles called

A

rhomboid major and minor
levator scapulae
trapezius
latissimus dorsi

75
Q

What does the anterior rami of cervical nerve innervate

A

rhomboids
levator scapulae
latissimus dorsi

76
Q

What innervates the trapezius

A

spinal accessory nerve / CN XI

77
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles

A

maintain posture and move the spine

muscles are entirely within back

78
Q

what are the intrinsic back muscles

A

erector spinae

transversopinalis

79
Q

describe the erector spinae muscles

A

superficial

3 vertical muscle groups

80
Q

describe the transversospinalis muscle

A

deep

located between the transverse and spinous processes

81
Q

what muscle is commonly suspected of being the cause of lower back pain

A

erector spinae

82
Q

What is the nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles

A

posterior rami branches of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

83
Q

What back muscles cause spine extension

A

intrinsic muscles: erector spinae and transversospinalis

84
Q

What back muscles cause spine flexion

A

psoas major and rectus abdominus

85
Q

How many vertebrae are there in total in the human spine

A 
33
C1-7 
T1-12
L1-5 
5 fused sacral 
4 fused coccygeal
86
Q

Where can spinal nerves be found

A

intervertebral foramen

87
Q

list the ligaments of the spine

A 
supraspinous 
interspinous 
ligamentum flavum 
posterior longitudinal ligament 
anterior longitudinal ligament
88
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament is (broad + strong / thin and weak) and is (anterior/posterior) to the vertebral bodies and prevents over (extension/flexion) of the spine

A

broad + strong
anterior
extension

89
Q

List common features of the c-spine vertebrae

A

transverse foramen
bifid spinous process
triangular shaped vertebral foramen

90
Q

what is the C1 vertebrae called, describe its features

A

atlas
no body or spinous process
has posterior and anterior arches instead

91
Q

what is the C2 vertebrae called, describe its features

A

axis

odontoid process

92
Q

Which vertebrae has the first palpable spinous process

A

C7

93
Q

You can still see the posterior arch on c-spine xray, true or false

A

TRUE

94
Q

at which level does the spinal cord end and what is the name given

A

L1/2

conus medullaris

95
Q

What is the cauda equina

A

all the spinal nerve roots from L2 onwards

96
Q

What modalities are present in the body wall/soma

A

General somatic afferent = sensory
General somatic efferent = motor
General visceral efferent = sympathetic motor
spinal reflexes

97
Q

There are no parasympathetic fibres in the body wall/soma, true or false

A

TRUE

98
Q

How can you test each spinal nerve segment’s sensory function

A

dermatomes

99
Q

How can you test each spinal nerve segment’s motor function

A

myotomes

100
Q

How can you test each spinal nerve segment’s sensory and motor function

A

spinal cord reflexes

101
Q

C1 spinal nerve is sensory/motor?

A

MOTOR ONLY

102
Q

Which nerve provides sensation to the face

A

CN V 1,2+3

103
Q

What does dermatomal testing allow you to check the integrity of

A

spinal nerve

posterior root and rootlets

104
Q

What is the named nerve cutaneous innervation of the neck

Hint: Little Goats Tread Softly

A

Lesser occipital
Greater auricular
Transverse cervical
Supraclavicular

105
Q

what are the layers of the scalp

SCALP

A 
skin 
connective tissue 
aponeurosis
loose connective tissue 
pericranium
106
Q

what is the blood supply of the scalp

A

ECA and ICA anastamoses

107
Q

What is special about the pterion

A

it is a H shaped feature and it is the thinnest part of the skull
the middle meningeal artery runs underneath it

108
Q

Which meningeal layer has sensory supply from the trigeminal nerve

A

dura mater

109
Q

Which meningeal layer has arachnoid granulations and what are these

A

arachnoid mater

reabsorb CSF into dural venous sinuses

110
Q

How many layers of dura mater are there in the brain

A

2 - cranial and periosteal

111
Q

What lies inside the 2 layers of dura mater

A

the 2 layers separate at certain points where dural venous sinuses arise

112
Q

what structures does the dura mater form

A

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli and diaphragm sellae

113
Q

Where is the circle of willis found

A

within the subarachnoid space

114
Q

Between which layers is the subarachnoid space found

A

arachnoid and pia mater

115
Q

at which spinal level does the subarachnoid space close

A

S2

116
Q

Where is the middle meningeal artery found

A

between bine and dura mater

117
Q

Where does extra dural haemorrhage happen

A

between bone and dura mater

118
Q

Where does subdural haemorrhage happen

A

between dura and arachnoid mater from torn cerebral veins

119
Q

where does subarachnoid haemorrhage happen

A

in subarachnoid space

Neurology (25 decks)

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