Chapter 1

Question 1

true or false: the mind involved in forming and recalling memories

Answer 1

true

Question 2

true or false: the mind solve problems, consider possibilities, and make decisions

Answer 2

true

Question 3

true or false: the mind does not play a role in survival and functioning normally

Answer 3

false

Question 4

true or false: the mind is a symbol of creativity and intelligence

Answer 4

true

Question 5

true or false: the mind creates representations of the world so we can act in it

Answer 5

true

Question 6

what creates and controls mental functions

Answer 6

the mind

Question 7

types of mental functions

Answer 7

• Perception
• Paying attention
• Remembering
• Distinguishing items in a category
• Visualizing
• Understanding and production of language
• Problem-solving
• Reasoning and decision making

Question 8

true or false: all mental functions occur in a conscious state

Answer 8

false (some can be without our awareness)

Question 9

cognitive psychology definition

Answer 9

This branch of psychology concerns the scientific study of the mind.

Question 10

what is mental processes referred to when discussing cognitive psychology

Answer 10

perception, attention and memory

Question 11

Who is Donders

Answer 11

conducted experiments that measured how long it takes a person to make a decision using reaction time (RT) experiments

Question 12

what did Donder’s experiments measure

Answer 12

interval between stimulus presentation and a person’s response to the stimulus

Question 13

what was the simple reaction time test

Answer 13

participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears.

Question 14

what was the choice reaction time test

Answer 14

participant pushes one button if the light appears on the right side and another if the light is on the left side

Question 15

what is reaction time

Answer 15

the time it takes from stimulus to behavioral response

Question 16

how does reaction time process

Answer 16

stimulus - mental response - behavioral response

Question 17

what is the equation used to figure out the time it takes to make a decision

Answer 17

Choice RT − simple RT = time to make a decision

Question 18

true or false: Mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participant’s behavior

Answer 18

true

Question 19

which psychologist came up with structuralism and analytic introspection

Answer 19

Wundts

Question 20

structuralism definition

Answer 20

analyze basic elements of conscious experience by reducing mental processes to simplest form (sensation, image, feeling)

Question 21

what is analytic introspection

Answer 21

a research method where individuals provide detailed verbal accounts of their sensations, feelings, and thought processes in response to carefully controlled external stimuli

Question 22

what did Ebbinghaus study

Answer 22

memory, and how forgetfulness is a tool

Question 23

savings definition

Answer 23

the amount of time saved from remembering past material after initial exposure

Question 24

who is Willliam James

Answer 24

A psychologist who wrote the first psychology textbook

Question 25

What did James write his textbook off of

Answer 25

his own experiences and theories

Question 26

how long does it take to make a decision

Answer 26

1/10 of a second

Question 27

what was Donder's main contribution

Answer 27

first cognitive psychology experiment

Question 28

is analytic introspection a reliable experiment

Answer 28

no, results were not able to be reliable because of the variability of it

Question 29

what was Wundt's main contribution

Answer 29

establishing the first lab of scientific psychology

Question 30

What was Ebbinghaus's conclusion from research

Answer 30

forgetting occurs rapidly after the first 2 days after learning original material

Question 31

what is Ebbinghaus's main contribution

Answer 31

quantitive measurement of mental processes

Question 32

What was the results of Jame's work

Answer 32

descripitions of a wide range of experiences

Question 33

behaviorism definition

Answer 33

study of observational behavior

Question 34

Who is watson

Answer 34

a psychologist, and developed behaviorism

Question 35

what is classical conditioning

Answer 35

a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a learned response

Question 36

who developed operant conditioning

Answer 36

Skinner

Question 37

what is operant conditioning

Answer 37

a type of learning where voluntary behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences

Question 38

who started the reemergence of studying the mind

Answer 38

Tolman

Question 39

who is tolman

Answer 39

discovered cognitive mapping with his 4 prong maze with the rats

Question 40

what was skinner's view of language

Answer 40

believed that it was learned through environment and conditioning

Question 41

what was Chomsky's view of language

Answer 41

believed it was an innate biological function and not learned from experience solely

Question 42

what did the digital world do for psychology

Answer 42

A shift occurred from behaviorist’s stimulus-response relationships to an approach that attempts to explain behavior in terms of the mind.

Question 43

what is the information processing approach

Answer 43

- It involves studying the mind based on insights associated with the digital computer - proposes that mental operations occur in stages.

Question 44

who was the first to use the term Artificial intelligence

Answer 44

Summer research project on artificial intelligence

Question 45

artificial intelligence definition

Answer 45

making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving (mcCarthy)

Question 46

who created the logic theorist program

Answer 46

Newell and Simon

Question 47

what did the logic theorist program do

Answer 47

create proofs of mathematical theorems involving logic principles

Question 48

what did Neisser write

Answer 48

authored the first cognitive psychology textbook

Question 49

what was the purpose for Neisser to write the cognitive textbook

Answer 49

to provide useful and current assessment of the state of the art

Question 50

what is the first cognitive textbook about

Answer 50

- vision and hearing is most of the book - higher mental processes were introduced at the end

Question 51

types of higher mental processes

Answer 51

thinking, problem solving, and memory

Question 52

what was ignored in Neisser's textbook

Answer 52

physiological ideas

Question 53

who created the first model of memory

Answer 53

Atkins and Swiftfernin

Question 54

who created the long term memory model

Answer 54

Endel Tulvings

Question 55

what are the 3 components of the long term memory model

Answer 55

episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory

Question 56

what is episodic memory

Answer 56

memory concerns the retention of life events

Question 57

what is semantic memory

Answer 57

the retention of information

Question 58

what is procedural memory

Answer 58

hold how to perform physical actions

Question 59

neuropsychology definition

Answer 59

studies the behavior of people with brain damage

Question 60

electrophysiology definition

Answer 60

studies electrical responses of the nervous system - includes cortical neurons

Question 61

types of brain imaging

Answer 61

PET, fMRI, MRI

Question 62

what does brain imaging show

Answer 62

which regions are active during cognition

Question 63

what has virtual reality done to behavior

Answer 63

has bridge lab changes with real life changes