1
Q
definition of memory
A
- processes involves in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present
2
Q
true or false: memory is active at all times
A
true
- some past experiences has an impact on how you think or behave now or in the future
3
Q
what are the types of memory
A
sensory, short term and long term
4
Q
what is sensory memory
A
- initial stage
- holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second
5
Q
what is short term memory
A
- holds 5 to 7 items
- last 15-20 seconds
6
Q
what is long term memory
A
- can hold a large amount of information
- last for years or decades
- things can be forgotten from long term
7
Q
types of control processes
A
- rehearsal
- strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable
- strategies of attention that help you focus on specific stimuli
8
Q
what are control processes
A
active processes that can be controlled by the person
9
Q
what is sensory memory
A
retention for brief period of time of the effects of sensory stimulation
- information decays quickly
10
Q
what is the persistence of vision
A
retention of the perception of light
11
Q
Who measured sensory memory and how
A
Sperling
- an array of letters flashed quickly on a screen and participants were asked to report as many as possible
12
Q
what is the whole report method
A
participants asked to report as many as could be seen
- results were 4 out of 12
13
Q
what is the partial report method
A
participants heard a tone and were asked to report a row of letters
- results were 3 out of 4
14
Q
what is the delayed report method
A
presentation of tone delay for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished
- performance went down
15
Q
what is iconic memory
A
brief sensory memory of the things that we see
16
Q
what is responsible for the persistence of vision
A
iconic memory
17
Q
what is echoic memory
A
brief sensory memory of the things that we hear
18
Q
what is responsible for the persistence of sound
A
echoic memory
19
Q
characteristics of iconic memory
A
- located in the iconic store
- sight memories
- delay time is half a second
20
Q
characteristics of echoic memory
A
- located in the echoic store
- sound memories
- delay time is several seconds
21
Q
how much storage is in the STM
A
- holds small amount of information for a brief duration
- includes both new information received from the sensory stores and information recalled from LTM
22
Q
how long does STM last
A
15-20 seconds
23
Q
what were the results of STM duration test
A
- after 3 seconds participants performed 80%
- after 18 seconds participants performed 10%
24
Q
why is there a reduction in performance (duration)
A
decay
25
decay definition
the vanishing of a memory trace due to the passage of time and exposure to competing stimuli
26
definition of digit span
how many digits a person can remember
27
how long is our digit span
5 to 8 items
28
item definition
small units (a thing)
29
chunking definition
small units can be combined into larger meaningful units
30
chunk definition
a collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other chunks
31
is chunking top down or bottom up
top down
32
who is Ericsson A
a professor that trained a college student with an average memory to use chunking
- students initial digital span was 7 after it was 79
33
how should STM be described
amount of information instead fo number of items
34
who is Alvarez and Cavanagh
investigated the question of how much information can be held in STM
- used Luck and Vogel's change detection procedure
35
true or false: working memory and storm term memory are the same thing
false (similar)
36
what are the components of the working memory model
- visuospatail sketchpad
- central executive
- episodic buffer
- phonological loop
- long term memory (where everything leads to)
37
what are the parts of visuospatial sketchpad
visual cache and inner scribe
38
what are the parts of phonological loop
phonological store and articulatory process
39
who discovered the working memory
Baddeley and Hitch
40
working memory definition
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
41
how does working memory and short term memory differ
- short term memory holds information for a brief period of time
- working memory is concerned with the storage, processing and manipulation of information
42
is working memory active or inactive during complex cognition
it is active during complex cognition
43
what type of information is processed in the phonological loop
verbal and auditory information
44
what type of information is processed in the visuospatial sketchpad
visual and spatial information
45
what makes working memory unique
it can process different types of information simultaneously
46
when is working memory function hampered
when similar types of information are presented simultaneously
47
who discovered mental rotation
Shepard and Metzler
48
what is the phonological similarity effect
letters or words that sound similar are confused
49
what is the word length effect
memory for lists of words is better for shorter than longer words
- rehearsing long words and producing them during recall takes longer
50
true or false: articulatory control process makes auditory information more memorable
true
51
what is articulatory suppression
speaking prevents the rehearsal of items to be remembered
52
what is affected by articulatory suppression
- reduces memory span
- eliminates word length effect
- reduce the phonological similarity effect for reading words
53
what is the visuospatial sketch pad
creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus
54
true or false: tasks that call for greater rotation take longer to complete
true
55
what is central executive
- the attention controller
- happens automatically and unconsciously
56
what is controlled by the central executive
- allows attention to be focused, divided, and switched
- controls suppression of irrelevant information
57
perseveration definition
repeatedly performing the same action or thought even it it is not achieving the desired goal
58
what is the episodic buffer
backup storage that communicates with long term and working memory components
59
true or false: phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpads hold information longer and has a greater capacity in comparison to episodic buffer
false
60
what are the components of the complete working memory model
- central executive (starting point)
- phonological loop (leads to language)
- episodic buffer (leads to episodic LTM)
- visuospatial sketchpad (leads to visual semantics)
61
what happens when the prefrontal cortex is damaged
there is a harder time holding information in working memory
62
what processing happens in the prefrontal cortex
processes incoming visual and auditory information
63
what did Funahashi study
recorded single cell from a monkey's prefrontal cortex during a delayed response task
- saw that it had a hard time holding information (it could not tell that the food was taken away)
64
what shows that there is a working memory gap (with prefrontal cortex damage)
- neurons respond when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay
- information remains available via these neurons for as long as they continue to fire
65
what are the types of neural dynamics in working memory
stokes, activity-silent working memory, remembering
66
what is stokes
information is stored in short term changes in the neural networks
67
what is activity state
information to be remembered causes neurons to fire
68
what is synaptic state
neurons firing stops but connections between neurons are strengthened
69
true or false: it becomes easier to learn when neural pathways are connected
true
70
what is the modal model of memory
flow diagram for memory introduced by Atkinson and Shiffrin
71
what are structural features of the model of memory
sensory, short term, long term
72
retrieval definition
the process of remembering information that is stored in long term memory
73
true or false: components of memory do not act in isolation
true
74
how long does persistence of vision last for
a fraction of a second
75
who wondered how much information people can take in from briefly presented stimuli
Sperling
76
recall definition
subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard
77
what is a misconception of short term memory
that it lasts for a relatively long time
78
What did Luck and Vogel use to measure STM
change detection
79
Who developed chunking
Miller
80
what is story mneomic
a memory strategy that puts random items into a meaningful order within a story that can then be more easily remembered
81
mnemonics definition
any memory strategy or technique that improves encoding, retention, and retrieval of information
82
true or false: the ability to make the same/different judgement depended on the complexity of the stimuli
true
83
what is sub-patterns
a form of chunking that could increase the number of squares remembered
84
what part of the working memory makes it "work"
central executive
85
what does episodic buffer represent
a way of increasing storage capacity and communicating with long term memory
86
what is the frontal lobe involved with
personality and planning
87
when is the frontal and prefrontal cortex adequately develop
8 months of age
88
what is cognitive control
a set of functions which allow people to regulate their behavior and attentional resources and to resist the temptation to give in to impulse
89
true or false: people with poor cognitive control are more easily distracted and are more likely to let these distractions interfere with ongoing behavior
true
Cognitive psychology
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