Cognitive psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

true or false: we do examine topics of interest from a single perspective

A

false (we look at them from multiple angels and points of views)

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2
Q

why is it important to look at other point of views while learning

A

each can add small amounts of information that when considered together leads to greater understanding

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3
Q

what is the chemical process of perception

A

chemical processes - neurons activated - brain structures activated - groups of brain structures activated - perception

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4
Q

what is the chemical process of memory

A

chemical processes - neurons activated - brain storage - storage activated - memory

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5
Q

what is the simplest to most complex level of analysis

A
  • chemical processes
  • neurons
  • nerves
  • brain structures
  • group of brain structures
  • brain activity
  • behavior
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6
Q

what was the early conception of neurons

A

that neurons were interconnected and created a nerve net (a highway intersection 4 way with no stop)

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7
Q

what contradicted the original concept of neurons

A

the neuron doctrine

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8
Q

who came up with the neuron doctrine

A

Ramon y Cajal

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9
Q

what does the neuron doctrine state

A

that individual nerve cells transmit signals and they are not continuously linked with other cells

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10
Q

what are the parts of neurons

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminal

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11
Q

what releases neurotransmitters

A

synapse

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12
Q

what is an action potential

A

a neuron’s signal

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13
Q

how does an action potential happen

A
  • neuron receives signal from environment
  • information travels down that neuron’s axon to another’s dendrites
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14
Q

how do you measure action potentials

A
  • microelectrodes pick up electrical signals
  • placed near axons
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15
Q

how long is an action potential active

A

about 1 second

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16
Q

who discovered how to measure action potentials

A

Edgar Adrian

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17
Q

what is resting potential

A
  • a stable charge (-70)
  • the potential for a neuron to fire but they do not always
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18
Q

what did Adrian use to measure action potential

A

vacuum tube amplifier and a capillary electrometer to measure action potentials

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19
Q

how long does a neuron fire for

A

1/1000 of a second

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20
Q

what is important when measuring action potentials

A

the rate of firing

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21
Q

what is not important when measuring action potentials

A

their size since it remains consistent

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22
Q

what are the types of neuron firings

A

low intensity (slow fires) and high intensity (fast fires)

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23
Q

example of a low intensity action potential

A

touching something lightly

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24
Q

example of a high intensity action potential

A

touching a hot pan

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25
synapse definition
the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another
26
what happens when the action potential reaches the end of an axon
the synaptic vesicles open and release chemical neurotransmitters
27
neurotransmitters definition
- chemicals that affect the electrical signal of receiving neuron
28
how do neurotransmitters interact with other neurons
cross the synapse and bind with the receiving dendrites
29
mind definition
the mind creates representations of the world so we can act on it to achieve goals
30
what is the principal of neural representation
all experiences are based on representations in the person's nervous system
31
in the 1960s what did researchers focus on
single neurons in the primary visual receiving region
32
what did researchers discover after studying more beyond the primary visual area
many neurons at higher levles of the visual system fire to complex stimuli like geometrical patterns and faces
33
true or false: a specific stimulus causes neural firing that is distributed across many regions of the cortex
true (showed that there are multiple areas for one thing in the brain)
34
what are feature detectors
specialized units in the brain that respond to specific characteristics in sensory input
35
cats and feature detectors
during the study researchers saw that even though the cat could not move that there were still signals being fired in response to it's surroundings
36
true or false: the brain can change and form due to experiences
true (experience-dependent plasticity)
37
example of experience-dependent plasticity
kittens exposed to vertical only stimuli over time could only perceive vertical shapes in normal stimuli
38
what are the types of sensory coding
specificity, population, and sparse
38
what determines perception
neurons firing to specific qualities of a stimulus
39
what is specificity coding
stimulus representation by firing specifically tuned neurons specialized to respond only to a specific stimulus
40
what is population coding
stimulus representation by the firing pattern of many neurons
41
what is sparse coding
stimulus representation by a firing pattern of a small group of neurons with the majority remaining silent
42
what does it mean to have localization in the brain
the scientific principle that different, specific regions of the brain are responsible for controlling different functions, behaviors, and mental processes
43
how is localization determined in the brain
neuropsychology
44
where is the broca's area found
frontal lobe
45
what happens when the Broca's area is damaged
language production is impaired
46
where is the Wernicke's area found
temporal lobe
47
what happens when Wernicke's are is damaged
language comprehension is impaired
48
where is the primary sense receptive area for vision
occipital lobe
49
where is the primary sense receptive area for touch, temp, and pain
parietal lobe
50
where is the primary sense receptive area for hearing, taste and smell
temporal lobe
51
where is the coordination of information received from any sense
frontal lobe
52
what is double dissociation
when damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present and simultaneously damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present
53
what does double dissociation show
allows the identification of functions controlled by different brain regions
54
true or false: another way to demonstrate localization of function is to record single neurons
true
55
what supports the idea that our perception of faces is associated with a specific brain region
brain imaging (fMRI)
56
what is fusiform face area (FFA)
responds specifically to faces
57
what happens when fusiform face area is damaged
causes prosopagnosia
58
prosopagnosia definition
inability to recognize faces
59
what is parahippocampal place area (PPA)
responds specifically to places (indoor and outdoor)
60
what is extrastriate body area (EBA)
responds specifically to pictures of bodies and body parts
61
what is the central principle of cognition
most of our experience is multidimensional
62
distributed representation definition
specific functions are processed by many different brain regions - contradicts localization of function
63
what are neural networks
- complex structural pathways and form the brain's information highway
64
what happens within the neural networks
- functional ones exist that serve different functions - operate dynamically and mirror the dynamic nature of cognition
65
what is included in brain activity
- resting states and active states - some parts are active even when no cognition occurs
66
what is structural connectivity
the wiring of the brain - created from axons that connect brain areas - is the unique fingerprint of people's brains
67
what is functional connectivity
how groups of neurons within the connectome function in relation to types of cognition
68
what determines functional connectivity
the amount of correlated neural activity in the two brain areas
69
what are the 6 common functional networks determined by resting state fMRI
- visual - somato-motor - dorsal attention - executive control - salience - default mode
70
what is the function network of vision
visual perception
71
what is the function network of somato-motor
movement and touch
72
what is the function network of dorsal attention
attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations
73
what is the function network of executive control
higher level cognitive tasks involved in the working memory
74
what is the function network of salience
attending to survival relevant events in the environment
75
what is the function network of default mode
mind wandering, and cognitive activity related to personal life story, social functions, and monitoring internal emotional states
76
what is the dynamics of cognition
the flow and activity within and across the brain's functional networks change base on conditions
77
true or false: change within and across networks is constant
true
78
What are the three different methods used for researching the localization of cognition in the brain?
Neuropsychology, single neuron recording, and brain imaging
79
Which of the following BEST describes the differences between structural connectivity and functional connectivity?
Structural connectivity is the approach that specializes for the visualization and analysis of the anatomical structures of the brain. Functional connectivity is the approach that specializes in the identification of brain areas and their underlying processes of cognitive tasks.
80
What are the three different methods used for researching the how different areas of the brain are connected and communicate?
Neuroanatomy, track-weighted imaging, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
81
Cognitive psychology
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