chapter 7

Question 1

encoding definition

Answer 1

acquiring information and transforming it into memory

Question 2

retrieval definition

Answer 2

transferring information from LTM to working memory

Question 3

maintenance rehearsal definition

Answer 3

repetition of stimuli that maintain information but does not transfer into LTM

Question 4

elaborative rehearsal definition

Answer 4

using meanings and connections to help transfer information to LTM

Question 5

what are the levels of processing theory

Answer 5

• memory depends on how information is encoded
• shallow and deep processing

Question 6

what is shallow processing

Answer 6

• little attention to meaning
• focus on physical features
• poor memory

Question 7

what is deep processing

Answer 7

• close attention to meaning
• better memory

Question 8

what are the factors that aid encoding

Answer 8

• visual imagery
• self reference effect
• generation effect
• organizing to be remembered information
• relating words to survival value
• retrieval practice

Question 9

what were the results of Bower and Winzenz experiment

Answer 9

participants in the imagery group formed images representing the pairs, and the participants in the repetition group just viewed the words
- imagery was better at remembering

Question 10

what did Bransford and Johnson do

Answer 10

presented difficult to comprehend information

Question 11

what were the results of Bransford and Johnson’s experiment

Answer 11

group one out preformed and they were the ones that saw the picture that helped explain the information before reading
- this shows that having a mental framework of comprehension aided memory encoding and retrieval

Question 12

what did Karpicke and Roediger do

Answer 12

retrieval practice effect

Question 13

what were the results of Karpicke nad Roedigers experiment

Answer 13

groups 1 and 2 had better performance in comparison to 3 because they were tested on all words
- showed that memory retrieval can improve memory

Question 14

elaborate definition

Answer 14

associate what you are learning to what you already know

Question 15

what are the parts of effective studying

Answer 15

• elaborate
• generate your own questions
• take breaks
• avoid the illusion of learning

Question 16

what does it mean to take breaks (effective studying)

Answer 16

• spacing effect: memory is better for multiple short study sessions
• consolidation is enhanced by sleep after studying

Question 17

what is the illusion of learning

Answer 17

familiarity does not equal comprehension

Question 18

what were the results of Mantyla’s experiment

Answer 18

memory was best when retrieval cues were created by participant and not as good when retrieval cues were created by someone else

Question 19

what is encoding specificity

Answer 19

we learn information together with it’s context

Question 20

what did Baddeley experiment on

Answer 20

encoding specificity and created the diving experiment

Question 21

what was the results of Baddeley’s experiment

Answer 21

the best recall occured when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location

Question 22

what is state-dependent learning

Answer 22

learning is associated with a particular internal state
- a person’s mood at encoding matches mood during retrieval

Question 23

what is transfer appropriate processing

Answer 23

memory task results improve if the type of processing used during encoding is the same type during retrieval

Question 24

what did Morris study

Answer 24

transfer appropriate processing

Question 25

what were the results of Morris experiment

Answer 25

participants who did the rhyming based encoding did better on the rhyming test than participants that did the meaning task and took the rhyming test

Question 26

what are the types of consolidation

Answer 26

synaptic and systems

Question 26

what is consolidation

Answer 26

transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state - establishing memories

Question 27

what is systems consolidation

Answer 27

gradual, reorganization of neural circuits

Question 28

what is synaptic consolidation

Answer 28

rapid, occurs at synapses - neural record of experience

Question 29

true or false: synaptic consolidation is learning and memory represented in the brain by physiological changes at the synapse

Answer 29

true

Question 30

what is long term potentiation

Answer 30

enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation - structural changes and enhanced responding occurs

Question 30

who studied consolidation

Answer 30

Muller and Pilzecker

Question 31

who studied synaptic consolidation

Answer 31

Hebb

Question 31

what were the results of Muller and Pilzecker experiment

Answer 31

participants were able to remember the 1st list better after a 6 minute delay and learning the 2nd list because they had time to consolidate the 1st list

Question 32

what type of consolidation is long term potentiation seen with

Answer 32

synaptic consolidation

Question 33

what type of consolidation is referred as the standard model of consolidation

Answer 33

systems consolidation

Question 34

what does the standard model of consolidation propose

Answer 34

memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation - once consolidation is complete retrieval does not depend on the hippocampus

Question 35

what is reactivation

Answer 35

the activity between the hippocampus and cortex

Question 36

what is the sequence of events for consolidation based off of the standard model of consolidation

Answer 36

- connection between cortex and hippocampus is strong and cortical regions are weak - as time passes hippocampus and cortex weaken and cortical region gets stronger - end with only intercortical connection remaining

Question 37

what is the standard model of consolidation partly based on

Answer 37

observation of injury and trauma related memory loss

Question 38

what is multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 38

hippocampus is activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories - response of the hippocampus can change over time

Question 39

what is the sequence of events for consolidation based off of the multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 39

- connections between cortex and hippocampus is strong and intercortical connections are weak - as time passes intercortical connections are stronger and the cortex and hippocampus connections remain

Question 40

true or false: memory consolidation enhances during sleep

Answer 40

true - sleeping stops interference from environmental stimuli

Question 41

true or false: some memories are consolidated better than others

Answer 41

true

Question 42

wihelm and consolidated memories

Answer 42

memory for task was stronger when participants expected to be tested after awakening

Question 43

what is reconsolidation

Answer 43

retrieved memories become fragile and are consolidated again

Question 44

what were the results of Nader experiment

Answer 44

reconsolidation - memories can be manipulated since some details are missing - used rats

Question 45

true or false: memory can be seen as a work in progress

Answer 45

true

Question 46

true or false: memories are constantly constructed and remodeled in response to learning and processes and conditions

Answer 46

true

Question 47

what did Brunet experiment

Answer 47

reconsolidation and ptsd

Question 48

what were the results of Brunet's experiment

Answer 48

participants reactivated a traumatic memory the drug was given to block the amygdala stress receptors during the reconsolidation and the later retrieval of said memory showed lower stress responses