chapter 11

Question 1

what is language

Answer 1

• system of communication using sounds or symbols
• expresses feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences

Question 2

how is language a system

Answer 2

• has a hierarchical system
• governed by rules

Question 3

what are the hierarchical components of language

Answer 3

has components that can be combined to form larger units

Question 4

how is language govern by rules

Answer 4

specific ways components can be arranged

Question 5

how is language universal

Answer 5

• deaf children create sign language
• all humans develop a language and learn to follow it’s rules
• language development is similar across cultures

Question 6

true or false: language is universal across cultures

Answer 6

true

Question 7

how are languages unique but the same

Answer 7

• different words, sounds, and rules
• all have nouns, verbs, negatives, questions, and past/present terms

Question 8

what psychologist studied language

Answer 8

skinner nad chomsky

Question 9

what did skinner believe about language

Answer 9

• verbal behaviors
• language was learned through reinforcement

Question 10

what did chomsky believe about language

Answer 10

• synaptic structures
• human language coded in the genes
• underlying basis of language is similar

Question 11

what is psycholinguistics

Answer 11

discover psychological process by which humans acquire and process language

Question 12

what are the components of psycholinguistics

Answer 12

• comprehension
• speech production
• representation
• acquisition

Question 13

what is comprehension (psycholinguistics)

Answer 13

understanding the meaning of words (verbal or written)

Question 14

what is speech production (psycholinguistics)

Answer 14

how we create language

Question 15

what is representation (psycholinguistics)

Answer 15

not about the words but how they are represented in the mind (semantic networks)

Question 16

what is acquisition (psycholinguistics)

Answer 16

how we learn language

Question 17

how do we understand words

Answer 17

lexicon and semantics

Question 18

lexicon definition

Answer 18

all the words a person understands

Question 19

semantics definition

Answer 19

the meaning of language

Question 20

what is lexical semantics

Answer 20

the meaning of words
- each word has one or more meanings

Question 21

what is word frequency effect

Answer 21

how we understand words in a sentence
- we respond faster to high frequency words
- we respond slower to low frequency words

Question 22

who studied word frequency effect and how

Answer 22

rayner and duffy
- used fixation and gaze times

Question 23

how is word pronunciation variable

Answer 23

influenced by accents
- we use context to understand words with unfamiliar pronunciations

Question 24

what are the results of rayner and duffy experiment

Answer 24

fixation and gaze was longer for low frequency words

Question 25

what is speech segmentation

Answer 25

perception of individual words even though there are no silences between spoken words

Question 26

what makes speech segmentation work

Answer 26

- context - understanding of meaning and of sound and syntatic rules - statistical learning

Question 27

what is lexical ambiguity

Answer 27

words often have multiple meanings

Question 28

what is lexical priming

Answer 28

people briefly access all meanings of a word before relying on context to determine accurate meaning

Question 29

who studied lexical priming

Answer 29

Tanenhaus

Question 30

what is meaning dominance

Answer 30

some words are used more frequently than others - processed hierarchically

Question 31

what are the parts of meaning dominance

Answer 31

biased and balanced dominance

Question 32

what is biased dominance

Answer 32

when words have two or more meanings with different dominances

Question 33

what is balanced dominance

Answer 33

when words have two or more meanings with about the same dominance

Question 34

how easy is it to understand an ambiguous word with no prior context

Answer 34

- competition between equally likely meanings of a word with balanced dominance results in slow access - activation of only the most frequent meaning of a word with biased dominance results in fast access

Question 35

how easy is it to understand an ambiguous word with prior context

Answer 35

- activation of both the less frequent and most frequent meanings results in slow access - activation of only the most frequent meaning results in fast access

Question 36

syntax definition

Answer 36

rules for combining words into sentences

Question 37

parsing definition

Answer 37

mentally groups words into phrases

Question 38

true or false: sentences are merely strings of words in a sequence

Answer 38

true

Question 39

what does parsing help with

Answer 39

helps listeners create meaning

Question 40

what are garden path sentences

Answer 40

sentences that begin by appearing to mean one thing but then end up meaning something else

Question 41

what are temporary ambiguity sentences

Answer 41

when the initial words are ambiguous but the meaning is made clear by the end of the sentence

Question 42

what is the garden path model of parsing

Answer 42

- listeners use heuristics to group words into phrases - grammatical structure of sentences determine parsing - late closure

Question 43

what is late closure (sentences)

Answer 43

parser assumes new word is part of the current phrases

Question 44

what is the constraint based approach to parsing

Answer 44

combines syntax, word meaning, story context, and memory load

Question 45

who studied story context

Answer 45

Tanenhaus and Trueswell

Question 46

what is story context

Answer 46

a visual world paradigm and the context of a scene

Question 47

what were the results of Tanenhaus and Trueswell experiment

Answer 47

eye movement change when information suggest revision of interpretation of sentences is necessary

Question 48

true or false: linguistic and nonlinguistic information can be used simultaneously

Answer 48

true - story context

Question 49

coherence definition

Answer 49

representation of the text in one's mind that creates clear relations between parts of the texts and the story's main topic

Question 50

inference definition

Answer 50

readers create information during reading not explicitly stated in the text

Question 51

what are types of inferences

Answer 51

- anaphoric - instrument - causal

Question 52

anaphoric (inference) definition

Answer 52

connecting people/objects

Question 53

instrument (inference) definition

Answer 53

tools or methods

Question 54

causal (inference) definition

Answer 54

events in one clause caused by events in previous sentence

Question 55

what is the situation model

Answer 55

mental representation of the topic of the text

Question 56

what does the situation model represent

Answer 56

events as if experiencing the situation - if from the point of view of protagonist

Question 57

what is physiology of simulations

Answer 57

approximately the same areas of the cortex are activated by actual movements and by reading related action words

Question 58

when is activation more extensive (physiology of simulations)

Answer 58

for actual movements

Question 59

what is given new contract (conversations)

Answer 59

the speaker constructs sentences so they include given and new information - new can become given info

Question 60

what is meant by common ground (conversations)

Answer 60

entrainment

Question 61

entrainment definition

Answer 61

synchronization between conversation partners

Question 62

what is syntactic coordination (conversations)

Answer 62

using similar grammatical constructions

Question 63

what is syntactic priming (conversations)

Answer 63

production of a specific grammatical construction by one person increases chance other person will use that construction

Question 64

what does syntactic priming reduce

Answer 64

computational load in conversations

Question 65

what are skills need to engage in effective conversations

Answer 65

theory of mind and non-verbal communication

Question 66

what is the theory of mind

Answer 66

being able to understand what other feel, think, or believe

Question 67

what is non-verbal communication

Answer 67

being able to interpret and react to a person's gestures, facial expression, tone of voice

Question 68

what is prosody

Answer 68

the pattern of intonation and rhythm in spoken language - creates emotion in spoken language

Question 69

how is music a language of emotion

Answer 69

music creates emotion through sounds that have no meaning

Question 70

true or false: music combines words and music combines tones to create structure sequences that unfold over time

Answer 70

true