Chapter 3

Question 1

sensation definition

Answer 1

how our nervous system receives stimulation energies from environment
- think of the brain

Question 2

perception definition

Answer 2

conscious experiences resulting from the stimulation of the senses
- think of the mind

Question 3

characteristics of perception

Answer 3

• can change based on added information
• involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving
• occurs in conjunction with actions

Question 4

true or false: you can’t separate perception and behavior

Answer 4

true

Question 5

factors that make it hard to design a perceiving machine

Answer 5

• occlusion
• viewpoint invariance
• invariance of recognition

Question 6

true or false: visual perception and images on retina are always ambiguous

Answer 6

true
- creates the inverse projection problem

Question 7

occlusion definition

Answer 7

a problem for computer vision
- objects can be partially hidden or blurred

Question 8

what is viewpoint invariance

Answer 8

the ability to recognize an object from different viewing angles, where the object remains the same even when its appearance on the retina changes

Question 9

what is invariance of recognition

Answer 9

the brain’s remarkable ability to identify an object as the same entity despite variations in its appearance

Question 10

what is bottom up processing

Answer 10

sequence is from eye to brain (then behavior)

Question 11

how does identification happen for bottom up processing

Answer 11

• parts are identified and put together and then recognized
• environmental energy stimulating the receptors

Question 12

what is top down processing

Answer 12

knowledge and experiences the observer brings to the situation

Question 13

how does identification happen for top down processing

Answer 13

• previous knowledge allows people to identify objects and situations quickly

Question 14

what is the connection with top down processing and language

Answer 14

influences our perception of language based on our individual experience with languages

Question 15

what is speech segmentation

Answer 15

ability to tell where words begin and end

Question 16

what does it mean for humans to learn transitionally for learning speech

Answer 16

involves knowing which sound is likely going to follow another in a word
- form of statistical learning

Question 17

what is statistical learning

Answer 17

the unconscious ability to perceive patterns, sequences, and predictive relationships in a stream of sensory input, such as language, music, or visual scenes, without deliberate intention or conscious awareness

Question 18

what is unconscious reference

Answer 18

we preceive things in an unconscious pattern

Question 19

what is Gestalt principles

Answer 19

a newer view on perception, ignored the idea of adding sensation up and getting a perception

Question 20

what was the old view of perception

Answer 20

structuralism (Wundt)

Question 21

what are the rules of Gestalt principles

Answer 21

apparent motion, good continuation, law of pragnanz, and principle of similarity

Question 22

what is apparent motion

Answer 22

the idea that an image is moving when it is not
- the flashing lights

Question 23

what is good continuation

Answer 23

we always connect paths in the smoothest way possible
- no distortion

Question 24

what is law of pragnanz

Answer 24

principle of simplicity or good figure integrity

Question 25

what is principle of similarity

Answer 25

grouping images together of similar structure

Question 26

what is perception determined by

Answer 26

specific organizing principles and not just dark and light stimuli to the retina

Question 27

true or false: experiences are the major role in perception

Answer 27

false (play a minor role compared to the intrinsic built in principles)

Question 28

types of environmental regularities of perception

Answer 28

- oblique effect - light from above - scene schema - Bayesian

Question 29

what is the oblique effect

Answer 29

vertical and horizontal are easily perceived than other orientations

Question 30

what is the light from above perception

Answer 30

- we assume that light comes from above because of our environment - we perceive shadows as specific information about depth and distance

Question 31

shadows and perceptions

Answer 31

when we see a shadow that is outward we think there is a bump, when we see a shadow that is inward we think there is an indentation

Question 32

what is scene schema

Answer 32

knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains - meaning of a given scene is related to what happens within that scene

Question 33

what are semantic regularities

Answer 33

- the characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes

Question 34

what two factors influence estimated probability of a given outcome

Answer 34

the prior probability and the likelihood of a given outcome

Question 35

what is bayesain inference

Answer 35

used to calculate a probability of a hypothesis, given prior evidence, and update it as more information becomes available

Question 36

what are the four approaches

Answer 36

- unconscious inference - environmental regularities - baysian inference - gestalt principles

Question 37

is unconscious inference top-down or bottom-up

Answer 37

top-down

Question 38

is environmental regularities top-down or bottom-up

Answer 38

top-down

Question 39

is bayesian inference top-down or bottom-up

Answer 39

top-down

Question 40

is gestalt principles top-down or bottom-up

Answer 40

both

Question 41

true or false: some neurons respond better to things that occur regularly in the environment

Answer 41

true

Question 42

how does movement facilitate perception

Answer 42

our movement adds complexity to perception compared to remaining static, but moving around a stimulus offers us more views to create accurate perceptions

Question 43

what is the interaction between perception and action

Answer 43

Constant coordination occurs in the brain as we perceive stimuli while taking action toward them.

Question 44

what is the what pathway

Answer 44

- Determining the identity of an object - Ventral pathway (lower part of the brain)

Question 45

what is the where pathway

Answer 45

- Determining the location of an object - Dorsal pathway (upper part of the brain)

Question 46

what is the perception pathway

Answer 46

- From visual cortex to temporal lobe - Corresponds to the what pathway

Question 47

what is the action pathway

Answer 47

- From visual cortex to parietal lobe - Corresponds to the where pathway - Also called the how pathway

Question 48

who discovered the perception and action pathway

Answer 48

Milner and Goodale (1995)

Question 49

what are mirror neurons

Answer 49

These neurons respond to an action while a subject watches it being performed the same way as if they were acting

Question 50

what scan showed proof of mirror neurons

Answer 50

fMRI research

Question 51

who found a higher rate of mirroring if the subject’s intention to perform the action was greater

Answer 51

Iacoboni