Cognitive psychology > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is seen in long term memory and not short term memory

A
  • works closely with working memory
  • it’s storage stretches from a few moments ago to far as back as one can remember
  • recent memories are more detailed
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2
Q

what is long term memory

A

archive of information about past events and knowledge learned

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3
Q

what is the serial position curve

A

created by presenting a list of words to a participant one after another

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4
Q

what are the two parts of the serial position curve

A

primacy effect and recency effect

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5
Q

what is the primacy effect

A

the tendency for the beginning of a list of words to be better remembered than the middle

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6
Q

what memory is seen with primacy

A

long term

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7
Q

what is the recency effect

A

the tendency for the end of a list of words to be better remembered than the middle

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8
Q

what memory is seen with recency

A

short term

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9
Q

why is is easier for us to remember the first few and last few words

A

the first few words are rehearsed which is why we remember them and the drop off of memory happens during this rehearsal and then our memory goes back

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10
Q

how can you reduce the primacy effect

A

making words longer and leaving no space between words

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11
Q

how can you reduce the recency effect

A

wait before writing the words and present competing information

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12
Q

what is coding

A

the form in which stimuli are represented in memory

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13
Q

where does visual and auditory encoding occur

A

long term and short term memory

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14
Q

wher does semantic encoding occur

A

short term and long term memory

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15
Q

who is wickens

A
  • studied semantic encoding
  • interference enhanced by meanings of words
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16
Q

why did Wicken’s boxes have different colors

A

the colors promote primacy and recency affect

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17
Q

what is recognition memory

A

the ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus

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18
Q

who is Sachs

A

determined that people remember meanings of words and not actual words

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19
Q

what are the types of codes

A

visual, auditory, semantic

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20
Q

what is visual coding procedure

A

holding an image in the mind to reproduce a visual pattern that was just seen

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21
Q

what does visual coding illustrate

A

visualizing what the lincoln memorial in DC looked like when you saw it on a field trip

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22
Q

what is auditory procedure

A

representing the sounds of letters in the mind just after hearing them

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23
Q

what does auditory coding illustrate

A

repeating a song in your mind that you have heard many times before

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24
Q

what is semantic procedure

A

placing words in an STM task into categories based on their meaning

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25
what does semantic illustrate
recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week
26
what happens when the hippocampus is removed
retained short term memory but unable to transfer info to long term memory
27
what is a patient unable to do without the hippocampus
unable to form new long term memories - intact STM, impaired LTM
28
what happens when there is damage to the parietal lobe (STM & LTM)
short term memory is impaired but functional long term memory is retained
29
what is a patient able to do with a damaged parietal lobe
able to form and hold new memories - impaired STM, intake LTM
30
what is episodic memory
- involves mental time travel - tied to personal experience - self knowing
31
what is semantic memory
- does not have mental time travel - general knowledge - deals with language - knowing
32
who made the distinction between episodic and semantic memory
Tulving
33
what happens when there is damage to hippocampus (episodic and semantic)
no episodic memory - can't relive past events semantic memory intact - can remember general information about the past
34
what happens when there is damage to the parietal (episodic and semantic)
impaired semantic memory episodic is intact - can remember past events and create new event memories
35
true or false: episodic memory can be last and leave only semantic
true
36
true or false: semantic can be enhanced if associated with episodic
true
37
what is autobiographical memory
specific experiences - includes both semantic and episodic
38
what is personal semantic memory
semantic memories that have personal significance
39
true or false: forgetting increases with longer intervals after encoding
true
40
what are the parts of forgetting
familiarity and recollection
41
true or false: forgetting is an all or nothing process
false (is not)
42
what memory involves familiarity
semantic
43
what memory involves recollection
episodic
44
what is the semanticization of remote memories
episodic details for memories of long ago events may be lost
45
what does it mean to remember
recollecting episodic memories
46
what is prospective memory
remembering and performing actions planned for later - we have never done said actions
47
what is constructive episodic simulation hypothesis
episodic memories are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events
48
what does constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis help with
anticipate future needs and guide behaviors
49
what is similar to mind wandering
constructive episodic simulation hypothesis
50
what is explicit memory
memories that are consciously experienced
51
what is implicit memory
memories that occur when learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering
52
what er the parts of implicit memory
procedural, priming, and conditioning
53
what is procedural memory
remembering how to do things
54
what is priming
presentation of one stimulus changes the response to another
55
what is conditioning
remembering associations between stimuli and reactions or actions and consequences
56
what are the two parts of long term memory
explicit and implicit
57
what is the two parts of explicit memory
episodic and semantic memories
58
what is procedural memory
- skills, memory for actions - no memory of when or where you learned
59
is procedural memory conscious or unconscious
unconscious - performance procedures without being consciously aware of how to do them
60
true or false: people that can't form new LTM can still learn new skills
true
61
priming definition
presentation of priming stimulus changes person's response to a test stimulus
62
what is repetition priming
test stimulus is the same or similar to priming stimulus - a person does not necessarily remember original presentation of priming stimuli
63
what is repetition priming referred to as
implicit memory
64
who did priming research
Graf
65
in Graf's experiment how did amnesia patients do on recall
they did poorly compared to the control and alcohol addict
66
in Graf's experiment how did amnesia patients do on implicit memory test
they did better than the control and alcohol addict
67
why did the amnesia patients do worse on the recall experiment
because amnesia prevents them from using explicit memory
68
what is the propaganda effect
people are more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true
69
who developed the propaganda effect
Perfect and Askew
70
what type of memory is involved with propaganda effect
implicit because it can occur when people are not aware of previously seeing or hearing statements
71
what is classical conditioning
pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response
72
what form of memory is involved with classical conditioning
implicit
73
what is operant conditioning
a learning process in which behvaiors recur through reinforcement or diminish through punishment - positive and negative punishment
74
what is operant conditioning used for
shaping behavior toward a more desired outcome
75
why is shaping an important principle of operant conditioning
behavior is incrementally modified - clay and pottery
76
what happens when you do something bad but are giving something
positive reinforcement - weakens the behavior
77
what happens when you do something bad and something is taken away
negative reinforcement - behavior is strengthen
78
what happens when you do something good and are given something
positive reinforcement - behavior is strengthen
79
what is expert induced amnesia
amnesia that occurs because well learned procedural memories do not require attention
80
what is nondeclarative memories
implicit memories that can not be decleared or explicitly stated
81
what is declarative memories
explicit memories that can be declared or explicitly stated
82
mindfulness definition
paying attention on purpose in the present moment and nonjudgementally to the unfolding of experience moment to moment
83
what is the remember/know procedure
subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it they know
84
what is mental time travel
the experience of episodic memory - a person travels back in time in their mind to re-experience events that happened in the past
85
what is anterograde amnesia
a type of memory loss in which new memories are unable to be create or stored
86
what is proactive interference
when information learned perviously interferes with learning new information
87
Cognitive psychology
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