Flashcards in Degenerative Disease Deck (28)
1
What are common features of Neurodegenerative diseases?
Aetiology unknown
Gradual onset
Loss of neurons
Late onset
2
What is the definition of dementia?
A syndrome consisting of progressive impairment of multiple domains of cognitive function in alert patients leading to loss of acquired skills & interference in social & occupational role
3
What are the main risk factors for dementia?
Age
Alcohol
Genetic?
4
What are some of the causes of late onset dementia?
Alzheimers
Lewy Body
Vascular
5
What are some of the causes of ealry onset dementia?
Alzheimers
Vascular
Frontotemporal
Other
6
What are some of the OTHER causes of early onset dementia?
Alcohol
Genetic (Huntingtons)
Infection (HIV, CJD)
Inflammatory (MS)
7
What are some of the treatable causes of dementia?
Vit B12 deficiency
Endocrine - thyroid disease
Infective - HIV
8
What are some differentials associated with dementia?
Hydrocephalus (NP)
Depression
Tumour
9
What investigations may be done in dementia?
Bloods
CT/MRI
LP - CSF for inflammatory markers
EEG
10
What tests may you carry out on examination?
MMSE
MOCA
Neuropsychological test
11
What domains of cognitive function does the MOCA test?
Memory
Attention
Laguage
Visuospatial
Behaviour
Emotion
Executive function
Apraxias
Agnosias
12
What are some clues to diagnosing dementia?
Cognitive decline
Slow progression
13
In which type of dementia would a stepwise progression be observed?
Vascular
14
Which type of dementia is associated with Parkinsons?
Lewy Body
15
What is the commonest neurodegenerative condition?
Alzheimers
16
What symptoms will temporo-parietal dementia present with?
Early memory disturbance
Language & visuospatial problems
Personality preserved
17
What symptoms will be observed in fronts-temporal dementia?
Early change in personality & behaviour
Early dysphagia
Memory relatively preserved
18
What non-pharmacological treatments can be supplied for dementia patient?
Information & support
Social work
Occupational therapist
19
What specific pharmacological treatments can be given for Alzheimers disease?
Anticholinsterases (Donepezil, rivastigmine)
NMDA antagonist (mematine)
20
What treatment can be given in FT dementia?
None
21
What is Parkinsons disease?
A clinical syndrome with >2 of:
Bradykinesia
Tremor
Ridigity
Postrural Instability
22
Where is pathology observed in the brain of Parksinsons?
Loss of dominergic neurons in Basal ganglia
23
What are some of the causes of Parkinsons?
Idiopathic Parkinsons disease
Drug induced
Vascular parkinsons
24
What age does Parkinsons usually present?
70/80s
25
What helps to confirm diagnosis of parkinson's?
Symptoms (bradykinesia & other symptom)
Response to dopamine replacement therapy
26
What type of medication can be given to parkinson's patient?
Levadopa
COMT inhibitor
MOAB inhibitor
Dopamine agonist
27
When can motor fluctuations be observed in parkinson's patient?
When Levodopa wears off
28