Flashcards in Pattern Recognition (revision) Deck (53)
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31
Corticospinal tract origin and parts
Origin: primary motor cortex of precentral gyrus
Lateral (primary decussation) = voluntary motor control of limbs and digits
Anterior corticospinal (segmental decussation) = voluntary motor control of trunk and maintains posture
32
Corticobulbar tracts origin and function
Origin: primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus
Function: muscles of face, head and neck
33
Which CN do NOT have a bilateral innervation to their nuclei?
CN 12
Lower part of 7; if there is forehead sparing this is an UMN lesion of facial nerve
34
Rubrospinal tract origin and function
Origin: red nucleus of midbrain
Function: excites flexors and inhibits extensors of upper body
35
Reticulospinal tract origin and function
Origin: pons/medulla
Function: excites extensors
36
Which motor tract is in charge in decorticate rigidity?
Lesion above midbrain
Rubrospinal tract; flexion of upper limbs
37
Which motor tract is in charge in decerebrate rigidity?
Lesion below midbrain
Reticulospinal tract; extension
38
DCML function and route
Function; fine touch, pressure and vibration
Decussates in medulla to contralateral medial lemniscus to reach the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
39
Difference between gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasiculus
Gracile; legs, below T6
Cuneatus; arms; above T6
Gracile medial to cuneate in spinal cord
40
Spinothalamic tract function and pathway
Function: pain and temp
Decussates segmentally in spinal cord to reach opposite primary somatosensory cortex
41
Extradural haemorrhage:
Location
Origin
Presentation
Symptoms
Ix
Imaging findings
L: skull and dura
O: middle meningeal artery
Px: injury to pterion
Sy: unconscious then lucid interval then unconscious
Ix: CT
Findings: hyperdense biconvex lens appearance
42
Chronic subdural haemorrhage
Location
Origin
Presentation
Symptoms
Ix
Imaging findings
L: dura and arachnoid
Origin: cerebral bridging veins
Px: older patients due to low impact trauma
Sy: progressive headache and confusion
Ix; CT
Findings: hypodense crescent shaped appearance
43
SAH
Location
Origin
Presentation
Symptoms
Ix
Imaging findings
L: arachnoid and pia
Origin: arterial; commonly berry aneurysm
Px: severe head injuries or ruptured berry
Sy: thunderclap headache, meningeal irritation (neck stiffness, photophobia), loss of consciousness
Ix: CT initially. Definitive diagnosis is CTA
Findings; hyperdense in SA space. Commonly star shaped
44
Symptoms of cerebral herniation
Extensor response
Cushing's triad; hypertx, brady, agonal breathing
Uncal herniation = blown pupil
45
Where can you find the dual venous sinuses?
Outer and inner dura
46
Expressive dysphasia
Brocas area
47
Receptive dysphasia
Wernicke's area
48
Nystagmus, intention tremor and dysarthria
Cerebellum
49
Temperature control
Hypothalamus
50
Oculomotor nucleus
Midbrain
51
Most common cause of hydrocephalus in children
Aqueduct stenosis - non-communicating hydrocephlus
52
Sy of aqueduct stenosis?
Growth in head circumference
Eyelids retracted; sunsetting eyes
Upward gaze impaired
Failure to thrive
53
