ProtistZooLEC23

Question 1

What are stromatolites?

Answer 1

The oldest known fossils that has layers of bacteria & sediments that dates back (3.5 million years).

Question 2

How are stromatolites form?

Answer 2

Individual cells attach to each other with their fimbriae, and they get covered by a layer of sediments. They grow through the sediments, & form another layer. The fimbriaes keeps geting cover up & press down & thus created the stromatolites.

Question 3

True or false? The process of making stromatolites 3.5 billion years ago, can still be seen today in Mexican lagoons. Those bacteria have a successful way of living on earth.

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

When did stromatolites in Shark Bay, Australia began forming?

Answer 4

about 3,000 years ago

Question 5

The last eons, which is Phanerozoic, is split into what?

Answer 5

3 eras.
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

Question 6

Humans are found in what era?

Answer 6

Cenozoic

Question 7

If earth’s history is like a clock how many second before midnight did humans arrive?

Answer 7

3 second

Question 8

We can see menagerie in pond water with our eyes & with low-power microscope. What are these organisms called?
Ex. Amoeba (Ameba)

Answer 8

Protists

Question 9

Are protist prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 9

eukaryotes

・€they might be in your sushi

Question 10

In the 6 kingdoms of life, what kind of clade are protists?

Answer 10

Paraphyletic
To make a protista a valid clade, include the plantae, fungi, & Animalia.
In other words, humans are protists too.

Question 11

What are the characteristics of protists?

Answer 11

・€They are more diverse than other eukaryotes.
・€They are major components of plankton
・€Most of them are unicellular

Question 12

Protists, the most nutritionally diverse eukaryotes, include:

Answer 12

• Photoautotrophs, which contains chloroplasts: get food from sun
• Heterotrophs, which ingest other organisms
• Mixotrophs, which can do either

Question 13

Where do protists primary live in?

Answer 13

aquatic environments

Question 14

What are protozoans? Where can we find them?

Ex. of Giardia intestinalis

Answer 14

• single-celled wigglers that some live in anaerobic environments.
• our intestines
• they are pathogens, don’t want to drink out of stream. Deers also suffer from Giardia intestinalis.

Question 15

Euglenozoans move with what?

What form of nutrition do they have?

Answer 15

-flagella
-mixotrophs
One of great pets for microbiologists

Question 16

Some Kinetoplastids are what?

What is a example of this?

Answer 16

• pathogens

- trypanosome

Question 17

What do trypanosome causes in humans? What do they prey on? Are they fatal? What are they carried by?

Answer 17

• sleeping sickness, puts you in a coma
• red blood cells
• always fatal if untreated
• tsetse fly, found across Africa

Question 18

What is the disease Darwin may have suffered from the New World version? How do you get rid of it?

Answer 18

• the chagas disease a.k.a flesh eating disease

- daily doses of heavy metal injected to your body

Question 19

What are Apicomplexans? Why are they named this way?

Answer 19

• Another animal parasites

- they have one pointy end, the apex, used for penetrating tissues

Question 20

Most parasitic apicomplexans have life cycles that requires how many different host species?
Ex. Malaria

Answer 20

2 or more

*Wallace had malaria that gave him the fever dream which gave him the idea for Evolution

Question 21

What are Dinoflagellates? What are their little unique shells made out of?

Answer 21

• protists that are abundant marine phytoplankton.

- made out of the same materials that plants’ cell walls are made out of which is called cellulose

Question 22

Paramecium exchange their DNA during what?

Answer 22

-conjugation

Question 23

Rapid growth of some dinoflagellates is responsible for causing what?

Answer 23

• “red tides” which can be toxic to fishes & humans

- jubilee

Question 24

What about dinoflagellates is stunning?

Answer 24

their phosphorescence, they glow in the dark

Question 25

What are phytoplanktons? Why are they important?

Answer 25

- green organisms in the oceans that does the most photosynthesis on the planet - helps change the atmosphere & provide nutrients to the entire ocean food change

Question 26

What are oomycetes that infects poppy seeds? What were they considered? What are they composed of?

Answer 26

- water molds - fungi, but we now know that they are protists - filaments * kills our pet fishes

Question 27

How can Oomycetes' impact can be big?

Answer 27

- Irish Channel | - Infection of potatoes

Question 28

What is conjugation? Is it the same as reproduction?

Answer 28

- a sexual process that produces Genetic variation | - no, it is seperate from it, which generally occurs by binary fission

Question 29

What are ciliates? How are they named? | Ex. Paramecium

Answer 29

- a large group of protists - named by their use of cilia to move & feed - Another great pet

Question 30

What are Diatoms? They are major component of what?

Answer 30

- unicellular algae with a unique glass-like wall of silica - phytoplankton * gets energy from the sun

Question 31

Sediments known as diatomaceous earth are made up of what? Where can they be found?

Answer 31

- Fossilized diatoms - in layers of the white cliff of dover * They are super tiny shards of glass, and can be used to kill snails, insects, & flees

Question 32

What are foraminiferans/forams? They are commonly what?

Answer 32

- amoebalike protists named for their multichambered shells. short spiral shell - Fossilized * you can fossil diatoms from m.y.a, right up to the ones that are living today

Question 33

What can fossilized diatoms/little shells of calcium carbonate tell us?

Answer 33

sea levels, temperature, & ocean conditions of Earth mya

Question 34

What can be determine by counting deformed foraminifera in the gulf of Mexico?

Answer 34

The environmental impact of the oil spill

Question 35

How do Amoebozoans envelop their prey?

Answer 35

by exending their bodies into lobe-shaped pseudopodia

Question 36

Where do Gymnamoebas commonly live in & what do they consume?

Answer 36

- soil, freshwater, & marine environments | - bacteria & other protists

Question 37

What are entamoebas? what do they cause?

Answer 37

- parasite protist | - causes amebic dysentery in humans

Question 38

Slime molds, or mycetozoans found on logs & rotten leaves are thought to be what? what are they actually?

Answer 38

a fungi, DNA studies show that they are giant amoebas

Question 39

What are slime molds and what do they do with dead matter?

Answer 39

- a giant single cell with millions of nucli inside - it feeds on it & break it down * moves slowly while extending it's pseudopodia