Flashcards in Week 3.0 - Puberty and menopause Deck (53)
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1
Define Puberache
-Development of axillary and pubic hair
2
Define menarche
-First menstrual period
3
Define adrenache
-onset of increased androgen secretion
4
What is puberty?
-Stage of human development when sexual maturation and growth are completed and results in the ability to reproduce
5
Who begins puberty first girls or boys?
-Girls
6
Define thelarche
-Development of breast
7
Describe the main features of puberty
-Accelerated somatic growth
-maturation of gonads and genitals
-Development of secondary sexual characteristics
-Menstruation and spermatogenesis begins (reproductive system inactive before this)
8
With what hormonal changes is the onset of puberty associated with?
-Gradual activation of GnRH causing steady rise in FSH and LH
-Increased secretion of oestrogens and androgens
-Extragonadal hormonal changes -> elevation of adrenal steroids and IGF-1
9
Which hormones is the growth spurt dependent upon?
-Growth Hormone
-Sex steroid hormones
10
What is the difference between the growth spurt in girls and boys?
-Earlier and shorter in girls
(men are larger because growth spurt longer and slightly faster)
11
What signifies the end of the growth spurt?
-Epiphyseal fusion
12
What causes the growth spurt to be shorter in girls?
-Oestrogen closes the epiphyseal plates earlier
13
What controls the rate of genital development in boys?
-Testosterone
14
When does puberty typically begin in girls?
-8-13 years (mean 11.5 years)
15
When does puberty typically begin in boys?
-10-14 years (mean 12.5 years)
16
What is the critical weight for menarche?
-47kg
17
What is the relationship between weight and menstruation?
-If weight falls below ~47kgs then reproductive cycle will cease
-Overweight tend to start period early
-Obesity can also interfere with normal menstruation
18
Name one environmental factor thought to influence puberty?
-Light/dark exposure ie day length
-Altitude
19
What happens to the LH pulses on lead upto puberty?
-Pulses are negligible and then increase in amplitude and frequency
20
What is the first phenotypic change in girls?
-Breast development
21
What is the first phenotypic change in boys?
-Testicular enlargement
22
What is the relationship between sleep and LH?
-LH secretion is associated with REM sleep and begins as nocturnal pulsatility which causes a noturnal increase in sex steroid secretion
23
What initiates gonadal development in puberty?
-high levels of FSH and LH secretion
24
What happens after the gonads have started to develop in males?
-Spermatogenesis and androgen secretion begins
-Androgens initiate growth of sex accessory structures (eg prostate) and secondary sex characteristics
25
The adrenal glands secrete androgens, why does this not initiate puberty?
-Level too low
26
What is the relationship between TSH and puberty?
-As puberty starts TSH secretion from pituitary increases leading to increased metabolic rate and promotes tissue growth
27
What effects do androgens have on growth?
-Cause retention of mineral to support bone and muscle growth
28
Which sex steroid do sertoli cells secrete?
-Oestrogen
29
Which secondary sex characteristics are driven by androgens in females?
-Pubic hair growth
-Bone growth
-Sebaceous gland secretion
30
