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ESA 4 - Head and Neck > Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the vital functions of the nose and paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Olfaction
  • Provides route for inspired air
  • Filtering and humidifying inpsiured air
  • Allowing drainage of secretions from paranasal sinuses and nasolarimal ducts
  • Resonating chamber for speech
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2
Q

How does the nose remove particles from air?

A

By trapping in nasal hair and mucous

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3
Q

Why does the nose and nasal cavity need to warm inspired air?

A

So that is doesn’t irritate the naso- and oropharynx

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4
Q

What is the external nose?

A

A predominantly cartiaginous structure

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5
Q

What forms the root of the external nose?

A

The frontal processes of the maxillae and two nasal bones

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6
Q

What is the bridge of the nose?

A

The junction between bone and cartilage

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7
Q

What is the result of the nose lying in such a prominent position?

A

It is often involved in injuries to the face

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8
Q

What can injuries to the nose cause?

A
  • Septal deviation
  • Nasal bone fractures
  • Lots of swelling
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9
Q

What is the result of there being lots of swelling in injuries to the nose?

A

May not be able to reset the nost immediately

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10
Q

What is it important to consider in a patient with a nasal fracture?

A

If you have sustained a nasal fracture, you must have sustained a resonable force to the face, and so must consider other injuries, and take a comprehensive history with examination

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11
Q

What fractures in a nasal fracture?

A

The bone, the cartilaginous part is squashy and moveable, so absorbs some of the force

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12
Q

What is the space between the shelf of the external nose called?

A

The vestibule

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13
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The entrance into the nasal cavity

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14
Q

What is the vestibule lined with?

A

Skin, with sebaceous glands and hair cells

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15
Q

Where does the nasal cavity extend?

A

From the nostrils anteriorly (anterior nasal aperture) to posterior nasal aperture

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16
Q

What does the nasal cavity have it terms of borders?

A
  • Roof
  • Floor
  • Two walls
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17
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?

A
  • Hard palate - maxilla and palatine bone
  • Soft palate
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18
Q

What is the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal septum

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19
Q

What is the nasal septum made up of?

A
  • Septal cartilage
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
  • Vomer bone
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20
Q

Draw a diagram of the nasal septum

A
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21
Q

What is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity made up of?

A

Maxilla

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22
Q

What does the lateral wall of the nasal cavity have?

A

Shelf like bony projections called turbinates

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23
Q

What are the names of the turbinates?

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
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24
Q

What is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity covered by?

A

Respiratory mucosa

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25
Q

What do the turbinates create?

A

Spaces underneath called meatus

26
Q

What is the function of the turbinates?

A
  • Slow airflow, so air can be modified
  • Increases surface area over which air passes
27
Q

What does the nasal cavity open into?

A

The nasopharynx

28
Q

What does the nasopharynx have an opening into?

A

The Eustachian tube

29
Q

What is the significance of the Eustachian tube?

A

It is in anatomical connection with the middle ear, and so a potential route for the spread of infection

30
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Extensions of the nasal cavity
31
Q

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Maxillary
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoidal
  • Sphenoid
32
Q

What is the largest of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary

33
Q

What does the maxillary sinus occupy?

A

Most of the maxilla bone

34
Q

What does the ethmoidal sinus collectively consist of?

A

Anterior, middle, and posterior air cells

35
Q

Describe the paranasal sinuses at birth

A

Absent or rudimentary

36
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Respiratory mucosa;

  • Ciliated
  • Pseudostratified
  • Columnar
  • Have goblet cells for mucous secretion
37
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Help humidify and warm inspired air
  • Reduce weight of the skull
38
Q

What is the relationship between the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses?

A

They all communicate with the nasal cavity via their respective opennings, and drain into the nasal cavity via small channels called the ostia

39
Q

What can any obstruction to drainage from the paranasal sinuses lead to?

A

Accumulation of mucosal secetions and development of infection

40
Q

What is in important anatomical relation with the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Orbit
  • Anterior cranial fossa
  • Roots of upper teeth
41
Q

How is the orbit in anatomical relations with the paranasal sinuses?

A

Ethmoidal air cells

42
Q

Which sinus is the anterior cranial fossa in important anatomical relation with?

A

Frontal

43
Q

What do the roots of the upper teeth sometimes project into?

A

The maxillary sinus

44
Q

What is the rich blood supply to the nasal mucosa key for?

A

To allow the warming and humidification of inspired air in nasal cavity

45
Q

Where is the venonus drainage of the nasal cavity into?

A
  • Cavernous sinus
  • Facial veinn
  • Pterygoid plexus
46
Q

What is the blood supply of the antero-superior portion of the nasal cavity and most of the paranasal sinuses via?

A

Branches of opthalmic artery

47
Q

What is the nerve of the antero-superior portion of the nasal cavity and most of the paranasal sinuses via?

A

Opthalmic nerve

48
Q

What is the blood supply to the postero-inferior portion of the nose via?

A

Branches of maxillary artery

49
Q

What is the nerve supply to the postero-inferior portion of the nose via?

A

Maxillary nerve

50
Q

What does Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring refer to?

A

A collection of lymphatic tissue surrounding the superior pharynx

51
Q

What does Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring consist of?

A
  • Lingual tonsil
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Tubal tonsils
  • Pharyngeal tonsils, or the nasopharynx/adenoid tonsil
52
Q

Where is the lingual tonsil located?

A

On the posterior base of the tongue

53
Q

What does the lingual tonsil form?

A

The antero-inferior part of the ring

54
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

On each side between the palatoglossal and glossopharyngeal arches

55
Q

What are the palatine tonsils?

A

The common ‘tonsils’ that can be seen within the oral cavity

56
Q

What do the palatine tonsils form?

A

Lateral part of the ring

57
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils located?

A

Where the Eustachian tube opens into the nasopharynx

58
Q

What do the tubal tonsils form?

A

The lateral part of the ring

59
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

In the roof of the nasopharynx. behind the uvula

60
Q

What does the pharyngeal tonsil form?

A

The postero-superior part of the ring

61
Q

What is the purpose of Waldeyer’s Ring?

A

Responds to pathogens that may be ingested or inhaled

ESA 4 - Head and Neck (30 decks)

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